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THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS 


OF GREECE 





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THE 


FIRST PHILOSOPHERS 
OF GREECE 


AN EDITION AND TRANSLATION OF THE 
REMAINING FRAGMENTS OF THE PRE-SOKRATIC 
PHILOSOPHERS, TOGETHER WITH A TRANSLATION OF THE 
MORE IMPORTANT ACCOUNTS OF THEIR OPINIONS 
CONTAINED IN THE EARLY EPITOMES 
OF THEIR WORKS 


or : 


ay ARTHUR FAIRBANKS ~ 


NEW YORK 
CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS 
1898 


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PREFACE 


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THe Hegelian School, and in particular Zeller, have 
shown us the place of the earlier thinkers in the history 
of Greek thought, and the importance of a knowledge of 
their work for all who wish to understand Plato and 
Aristotle. Since Zeller’s monumental work, several 
writers (e.g. Benn, Greek Philosophers, vol. i. London 
1883; Tannery, Science helléne, Paris 1887; Burnet, 
Early Greek Philosophy, London 1892) have traced for us 
the history of this development, but the student who 
desires to go behind these accounts and examine the 
evidence for himself still finds the material difficult 
of access. This material consists of numerous short 
fragments preserved by later writers, and of accounts 
of the opinions of these thinkers given mainly by 
Aristotle and by the Greek doxographists (i.e. students 
of early thought who made epitomes of the opinions 
of the masters). The Greek text of the doxographists 
is now accessible to students in the admirable critical 
edition of H. Diels (Berlin 1879). The Greek text 
of the fragments has been published in numerous short 
monographs, most of which are not readily accessible 
to the student to-day; it is contained with a vast 
deal of other matter in Mullach’s Fragmenta Graecorum 
Philosophorum (Paris 18838-1888, vol. i—iii.), but the text 


2052656 


vl PREFACE 


is in many places so carelessly constructed that it does 
not serve the purposes of the scholar. 

In the present work it has been my plan to prepare 
for the student a Greek text of the fragments of these 
early philosophers which shall represent as accurately as 
possible the results of recent scholarship, and to add 
such critical notes as may be necessary to enable the 
scholar to see on what basis the text rests. From this 
text I have prepared a translation of the fragments into 
English, and along with this a translation of the impor- 
tant passages bearing on these early thinkers in Plato 
and Aristotle, and in the Greek doxographists as col- 
lected by Diels, in order that the student of early Greek 
thought might have before him in compact form practi- 
eally all the materials on which the history of this 
thought is to be based. It has been difficult, especially 
in the case of Herakleitos and the Pythagoreans, to draw 
the line between material to be inserted, and that to be 
omitted ; but, in order to keep the volume within mode- 
rate limits, my principle has been to insert only the 
‘passages from Plato and Aristotle and from the doxo- 
-graphists. 
~The Greek text of Herakleitos is based on the edition 
of Bywater ; that of Xenophanes on the edition of the 
Greek lyric poets by Hiller-Bergk ; that of Parmenides 
on the edition of Karsten; and that of Empedokles on 
the edition of Stein. I have not hesitated, however, to 
differ from these authorities in minor details, indicating 
in the notes the basis for the text which I have given. 

For a brief discussion of the relative value of the 
sources of these fragments the student is referred to the 
Appendix. 


PREFACE : vil 


My thanks are due to several friends for their kind 
assistance, in particular to Professor C. L. Brownson and 
Professor G. D. Lord, who have read much of the book 
in proof, and have given me many valuable suggestions. 
Nor can I pass over without mention the debt which all 
workers in this field owe to Hermann Diels. It is my 
great regret that his edition of Parmenides’ Lehrgedicht 
failed to reach me until most of the present work was 
already printed. Nevertheless there is scarcely a page 
of the whole book which is not based on the foundation 
which he has laid. 

ARTHUR FAIRBANKS. 


Yate UnIversity: 
November 1897. 





Lal 
. 


CON TENTS 


IONIC SCHOOL: THALES 
IONIC SCHOOL: ANAXIMANDROS 
IONIC SCHOOL: ANAXIMENES 


HERAKLEITOS 


ELEATIC SCHOOL: XENOPHANES 


ELEATIC SCHOOL: PARMENIDES 


ELEATIC SCHOOL: ZENO 


ELEATIC SCHOOL: MELISSOS 


PYTHAGORAS AND THE PYTHAGOREANS 


EMPEDOKLES 


ANAXAGORAS 


APPENDIX 


INDEXES 


PAGE 


119 
129 
142 
174 
253 


263 
289 


LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. 


Dox. = Diels, Doxographi Graeci, Berlin 1879. 

Aet. = Aetii de placitis reliquiae. 

Hipp. Phil. = Hippolyti philosophumena. Sicladed in 

Epi. = Epiphanii varia excerpta. Diels, Doz. 

Herm. = Hermiae irrisio gentiliwm philosophorum. 

Simp. Phys.= Simplicti in Aristotelis physicorum libros quattuor 
priores edidit H. Diels, Berlin 1882. 


Simp. Cael.= Simplicius, Commentary on Aristotle’s De caelo. 


For other abbreviations, see list of authors in the Index of sources. 


THE 


FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


iB 
THALES. 


Accorpineé to Aristotle the founder of the Ionic physical 
philosophy, and therefore the founder of Greek philo- 
sophy, was Thales of Miletos. According to Diogenes 
Laertios, Thales was born in the first year of the thirty- 
fifth Olympiad (640 B.c.), and his death occurred in the 
fifty-eighth Olympiad (548-545 s.c.). He attained note 
as a scientific thinker and was regarded as the founder 
of Greek philosophy because he discarded mythical 
explanations of things, and asserted that a physical 
element, water, was the first principle of all things. There 
are various stories of his travels, and in connection with 
accounts of his travels in Egypt he is credited with intro- 
ducing into Greece the knowledge of geometry. Tradition 
also claims that he was a statesman, and as a practical 
thinker he is classed as one of the seven wise men. A, 
work entitled ‘Nautical Astronomy’ was ascribed to 
him, but it was recognised as spurious even in antiquity. 


Literature: F. Decker, De Thalete Milesio, Diss. Halle, 
1865 ; Krische, Forsch. auf d. Gebiet d. alt. Phil. 
i. pp. 34-42; V. also Acta Phil. iv. Lips. 1875, 
pp. 828-330; Revue Philos. Mar. 1880; Archiv 
} > ff. d. Geschichte d. Phil. ii. 165, 515. 


B 


2 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


(a) PAssaAGES RELATING To THALES IN PLaro AND 
IN ARISTOTLE. 


Plato, de Legg. x. 899 8. And as for all the stars 
and the moon and the years and the months and all. 
the seasons, can we hold any other opinion about them 
than this same one—that inasmuch as soul or souls 
appear to be the cause of all these things, and good souls 
the cause of every excellence, we are to call them gods, 
whether they order the whole heavens as living beings 
in bodies, or whether they accomplish this in some other 
form and manner? Is there any one who acknowledges 
this, and yet holds that all things are not full of gods ? 

Arist. Met. i. 3; 983 b 6. Most of the early students 
of philosophy thought that first principles in the form 
of matter, and only these, are the sources of all things ; 
for that of which all things consist, the antecedent 
from which they have sprung, and into which they are 
finally resolved (in so far as being underlies them and is 
changed with their changes), this they say is the ele- 
ment and first principle of things. 983b18. As to the 
quantity and form of this first principle, there is a 
difference of opinion; but Thales, the founder of this 
sort of philosophy, says that it is water (accordingly he 
declares that the earth rests on water), getting the idea, 
I suppose, because he saw that the nourishment of 
all beings is moist, and that warmth itself is gene- 
rated from moisture and persists in it (for that from 
Which all things spring is the first principle of them) ; 
and getting the idea also from the fact that the germs 
of all beings are of a moist nature, while water is the 
first principle of the nature of what is moist. And 
there are some who think that the ancients, and they 
who lived long before the present generation, and thie 
‘first students of the gods, had a similar idea in regard 
- to nature; for in their poems Okeanos and Tethys were 


THALES 3 


the parents of generation, and that by which the gods 
swore was water,—the poets themselves called it Styx ; 
for that which is most ancient is most highly esteemed , 
and that which is most highly esteemed is an object to 
swear by. Whether there is any such ancient and early 
opinion concerning nature would be an obscure ques- 
tion; but Thales is said to have expressed this opinion 
in regard to the first cause. 

Arist. de Coelo ii. 18; 294 a 28. Some say that 
- the earth rests on water. We have ascertained that the 
oldest statement of this character is the one accredited 
to Thales the Milesian, to the effect that it rests on water, 
floating like a piece of wood or something else of that sort.! 

Arist. de Anima i. 2; 405 a 19. And Thales, 
according to what is related of him, seems to have 
regarded the soul as something endowed with the 
power of motion, if indeed he said that the loadstone 
has a soul because it moves iron. i.5; 411 a7. Some 
say that’ soul is diffused throughout the whole uni- 
verse; and ii may have been this which led Thales to 
think that all things are full of gods. 

Simpl. in Arist. de Anima 8 r 32, 16.2—Thales posits 
water as the element, but it is the element of 
bodies, and he thinks that the soul is not a body 
at all. 31, 21 p.—And in speaking thus of Thales 
he adds with a degree of reproach that he assigned 
a soul to the magnetic stone as the power which 
moves the iron, that he might prove soul to be a 
moving power in it; but he did not assert that this 
soul was water, although water had been designated 
as the element, since he said that water is the ele- 
ment of substances, but he supposed soul to be un- 
substantial form. 20 r 73, 22. For Thales, also, 


I suppose, thought all things to be full of gods, the 
gods being blended with them ; and this is strange. 


1 Cf. Herm. J. G. P. 10 (Dox. 653). 
2 In references to Simpl. in Arist. de Anima and Physica, the first 


numbers give folio and line, the second, page (and line) in the edition 
published by the Berlin Academy. 











B2 


ay > = 


4 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


(b) PassaGES RELATING TO THALES IN THE 
. DoxoGRraPuHists. 


(Theophrastos, Dox. 475) Simpl. Phys. 6r; 28, 21. 
Of those who say that the first principle [apy7] is one 
and movable, to whom Aristotle applies the distinctive 
name of physicists, some say that it is limited; as, for 
instance, Thales of Miletos, son of Examyes, and Hippo 
who seems also to have lost belief in the gods. These 
say that the first principle is water, and they are led to 
this result by things that appear to sense; for warmth 
lives in moisture and dead things wither up and all 
germs are moist and all nutriment is moist. Now 
it is natural that things should be nourished by that 


~~ from which each has come; and water is the first 


principle of moist nature . . .; accordingly they assume 

“that water is the first principle of all things, and they 
assert that the earth rests on water. Thales is the first 
to have set on foot the investigation of nature by the 
Greeks; although so many others preceded him, in 
Theophrastos’s opinion he so far surpassed them as to 
cause them to be forgotten. It is said that he left 
nothing in writing except a book entitled ‘Nautical 
Astronomy.’ 

Hipp. i.; Dow. 555. It is said that Thales of Miletos, 
one of the seven wise men, was the first to undertake the 
study of physical philosophy. He said that the begin- 
ning (the first principle) and the end of all things is water. 
All things acquire firmness as this solidifies, and again 
as it is melted their existence is threatened; to this are 
due earthquakes and whirlwinds and movements of the 
stars. And all things are movable and in a fluid state, 
the character of the compound being determined by the 
nature of the principle from which it springs. is 
principle is god, and it has neither beginning nor end. 


THALES 3) 


Thales was the first of the Greeks to devote himself to 
the study and investigation of the stars, and was the 
originator of this branch of science ; on one occasion 
he was looking up at the heavens, and was just saying 
he was intent on studying what was overhead, when 
he fell into a well; whereupon a maidservant named 
Thratta laughed at him and said: In his zeal for 
things in the sky he does not see what is at his feet.! 
And he lived in the time of Kroesos. 

Plut. Strom.1; Dox.579.2 Hesays that Thales was 
the earliest thinker to regard water as the first principle 
of all things. For from this all things come, and to it 
they all return. 

Aet. Plac. i. 2; Dox. 275. Thales of Miletos regards 
the first principle and the elements as the same thing. 
But there is a very great difference between them, 
for elements are composite, but we claim that first 
principles are neither composite nor the result of 
processes. So we call earth, water, air, fire, elements ; 
and we call them first principles for the reason that there 
is nothing antecedent to them from which they are 
sprung, since this would not be a first principle, but 
rather that from which it is derived. Now there is 
something anterior to earth and water from which they 
are derived, namely the matter that is formless and 
invisible, and the form which we call entelechy, and 
privation. So Thales was in error when he called water 
an element and a first principle. i.3; 276. Thales 
the Milesian declared that the first principle of things is 
water. [This man seems to have been the first philo- 
sopher, and the Ionic school derived its name from 
him; for there were very many successive leaders in 
philosophy. And Thales was a student of philosophy in 


1 Cf. Plato, Theaet. 174.4; Diog. Laer. i. 34. 
? Epiphan. iii. 1; Dow. 589; Herm. I.G. P. 10 ; Doz. 653. 


6 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


Egypt, but he came to Miletos in his old age.|] For he 
says that all things come from water and all are resolved 
into water. The first basis for this conclusion is the 
fact that the seed of all animals is their first principle 
and it is moist; thus it is natural to conclude that all 
things come from water as their first principle. Secondly, 
the fact that all plants are nourished by moisture and 
bear fruit, and unless they get moisture they wither 
away. ‘Thirdly, the fact that the very fire of the sun 
and the stars is fed by the exhalations from the waters, 
and so is the universe itself. 7; 301. Thales said that 
the mind in the universe is god, and the all is endowed 
with soul and is full of spirits; and its divine moving 
power pervades the elementary water. 8; 307. Thales 
et al. say that spirits are psychical beings; and that 
heroes are souls separated from bodies, good heroes are 
good souls, bad heroes are bad souls. 8; 307. The 
followers of Thales et al. assert that matter is turned 
about, varying, changing, and in a fluid state, the 
whole in every part of the whole. 12; 310. Thales 
and his successors declared that the first cause is im- 
movable. 16; 314. The followers of Thales and Pytha- 
goras hold that bodies can receive impressions and can 
be divided even to infinity; and so can all figures, lines, 
surfaces, solids, matter, place, and time. 18; 315. The 
physicists, followers of Thales, all recognise that the 
void is really a void. 21; 821. Thales: Necessity is 
most powerful, for it controls everything. 

Aet. ii. 1; Dox. 827. Thales and his successors hold 
that the universe is one. 12; 840. Thales et al. hold 
that the sphere of the entire heaven is divided into five 
circles which they call zones ; and of these the first is 
called the arctic zone, and is always visible, the next is 
the summer solstice, the next is the equinoctial, the next 
the winter solstice, and the next the antarctic, which is 
invisible. And the ecliptic in the three middle ones is 


THALES 7 


called the zodiac and is projected to touch the three middle 
ones. All these are cut by the meridian at a right angle 
from the north to the opposite quarter. 13; 341. The 
stars consist of earth, but are on fire. 20; 349. The 
sun consists of earth. 24; 353. The eclipses of the sun 
take place when the moon passes across it in direct line, 
since the moon is earthy in character ; and it seems to 
the eye to be laid on the disk of the sun. 28; 358. 
The moon is lighted from the sun. 29; 3860. Thales 
et al. agree with the mathematicians that the monthly 
phases of the moon show that it travels along with 
the sun and is lighted by it, and eclipses show that it 
comes into the shadow of the earth, the earth coming 
between the two heavenly bodies and blocking the light 
of the moon. _ 

Aet. i. 9-10; 876. The earth is one and spherical 
inform. 11; 877. It is in the midst of the universe. 
15; 879. Thales and Demokritos find in water the cause 
of earthquakes. 

Aet. iv. 1; 384. Thales thinks that the Etesian 
winds blowing against Egypt raise the mass of the Nile, 
because its outflow is beaten back by the swelling of the 
sea which lies over against its mouth. 2; 386. Thales 
was the first to declare that the soul is by nature always 
moving or self-moving. 

Aet. v. 26; 488. Plants are living animals; this is 
evident from the fact that they wave their branches and 
keep them extended, and they yield to attack and relax 
them freely again, so that weights also draw them down. 

(Philodemos) Cic. de Nat. Deor. i. 10; Dox. 581. 
For Thales of Miletos, who first studied these matters, 
said that water is the first principle of things, while god 
is the mind which formed all things from water. If 
gods exist without sense and mind, why should god be 
connected with water, if mind itself can exist without 
a body ? 


8 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


Il. 
ANAXIMANDROS. 


 Anaxrmanpros of Miletos was a companion or pupil 

of Thales. According to Apollodoros he was born in 

the second or third year of the forty-second Olympiad 

(611-610 8.c.). Of his life little is known ; Zeller infers 

from the statement of Aelian (V. H. iii. 17) to the effect 

that he led the Milesian colony into Apollonia, that he 

was a man of influence in Miletos. He was a student 

of geography and astronomy ; and various inventions, 

such as the sundial, are attributed to him. His book, 

which was referred to as the first philosophical treatise 

in Greece, may not have received the title ‘epi 

gvcews’ until after his death. It soon became rare, and 
Simplicius does not seem to have had access to it. 

Literature : Schleiermacher, Abh. d. Berl. Akad. 1815 ; 

Op. Phil. ii. 171; Krische, Forschungen, pp. 42- 

52; Teichmiiller, Stwdien, pp. 1-70, 545-588; 

Biisgen, Das dzepov Anax. Wiesbaden 1867; 

Liitze, Das drepov Anax. Leipz. 1878; J. Neu- 

hauser, De Anaxz. Miles. Bonn 1879, and in more 

complete form, Bonn 1883; Tannery, Rev. Phil. 

v. (1882); Natorp, Phil. Monatshefte, 1884 ; 


Tannery, Archiv f.d. Gesch. d. Philos. viii. 448 ff. ; 
Diels, ibid. x. (1897) 228 ff. 


(a) Fragments oF ANAXIMANDROS. 


1. Arist. Phys. iii. 4; 203b18 ff. The words d0dvardy 
yap kal av@deOpov and by some the words mepueyew 


ANAXIMANDROS 9 


dmavta kal Tavta KkuBepvav are thought to come from 
Anaximandros. 

2. In Simpl. Phys. 6 r (24, 19); Dox. 476, it is 
generally agreed that the following phrase is from Anaxi- 
mandros: cata TO ypewv: Siwovar yap adTa adAndois 
ticw Kal Siknyv ths adixias.} 

Translation—1. ‘Immortal and _ indestructible,’ 
‘surrounds all and directs all.’ 2. ‘(To that they 
return when they are destroyed) of necessity; for he 
says that they suffer punishment and give satisfaction 
to one another for injustice.’ 


(b) PASSAGES RELATING TO ANAXIMANDROS IN 
ARISTOTLE. 


Arist. Phys. 1.4; 187a12. For some who hold that 
the real, the underlying substance, is a unity, either 
one of the three [elements] or something else that is 
denser than fire and more rarefied than air, teach that 
other things are generated by condensation and rare- 
faction. . . . 20. And others believe that existing 
opposites are separated from the unity, as Anaximandros 
says, and those also who say that unity and multiplicity 
exist, as Empedokles and Anaxagoras; for these separate 
other things from the mixture [pyiypa |.” 

Phys. iii. 4; 203 b7. There is no beginning of the 
infinite, for in that case it would havean end. But it is 
without beginning and indestructible, as being a sort of 
first principle ; for it is necessary that whatever comes 
into existence should have an end, and there is a conclu- 
sion of all destruction. Wherefore as we say, there is 
no first principle of this [i.e. the infinite], but it itself 

1 The fragment is discussed at length by Ziegler, Archiv f. d. Gesch. 


d. Philos. i. (1883) p. 16 ff. 
2 Cf. Theophrastos (Dow. 478) under Anaxagoras, infra. 


10 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


seems to be the first principle of all other things and to 
surround all and to direct all, as they say who think that _ 
there are no other causes besides the infinite (such as 
mind, or friendship), but that it itself is divine; for it 
is immortal and indestructible, as Anaximandros and 
most of the physicists say. 


Simpl. Phys. 32 r; 150, 20. There is another 
method, according to which they do not attribute 
change to matter itself, nor do they suppose that 
generation takes place by a transformation of the 
underlying substance, but by separation; for the 
opposites existing in the substance which is infinite 
matter are separated, according to Anaximandros, 
who was the earliest thinker to call the underlying 
substance the first principle. _ And the opposites 
are heat and cold, dry and moist, and the rest. 


Phys. iii. 5 ; 204 b 22. But it is not possible that 
infinite matter is one and simple; either, as some say, 
that it is something different from the elements, from 
which they are generated, or that it is absolutely one. 
For there are some who make the infinite of this 
character, but they do not consider it to be air or water, 
in order that other things may not be blotted out by 
the infinite; for these are mutually antagonistic to one 
another, inasmuch as air is cold, water is moist, and fire 
hot; if one of these were infinite, the rest would be at 
once blotted out; but now they say that the infinite is 
something different from these things, namely, that from 
which they come. 

Phys. iii. 8; 208 a 8.- In order that generation 
may actually occur, it is not necessary to prove that the 
infinite should actually be matter that sense can per- 
ceive; for it is possible that destruction of one thing is 
generation of another, provided the all is limited. 

De Coelo iii. 5; 803 b 11. For some say that thire 
is only one underlying substance; and of these some 


ANAXIMANDROS 11 


say that it is water, some that it is air, some that it is 
fire, and some that it is more rarefied than water and 
denser than air; and these last say that being infinite 
it surrounds all the heavens. 

Meteor. 2; 855 a 21. It is natural that this 
very thing should be unintelligible to those who say 
that at first when the earth was moist and the universe 
including the earth was warmed by the sun, then air was 
formed and the whole heavens were dried, and this pro- 
duced the winds and made the heavens revolve.! 

Metaph. xii. 2; 1069 b 18. So not only is it very 
properly admitted that all things are generated from 
not-being, but also that they all come from being :— 
potentially from being, actually from not-being ; and this 
is the unity of Anaxagoras (for this is better than to say 
that all things exist together [60d wavta}), and it is the 
mixture [piyywa| of Empedokles and Anaximandros. 

Plut. Symp. viii. 730 x. Wherefore they (the Syrians) 
reverence the fish as of the same origin and the 
same family as man, holding a more reasonable 
philosophy than that of Anaximandros; for he 
declares, not that fishes and men were generated 
at the same time, but that at first men were gene- 
rated in the form of fishes, and that growing up as 


sharks do till they were able to help themselves, 
they then came forth on the dry ground. 


(c) PassAGES RELATING TO ANAXIMANDROS IN 
THE DoxoGRAPHISTS. 


(Theophrastos, Dox. 477) Simpl. Phys. 6r; 24, 26. 
Among those who say that the first principle is one 
and movable and infinite, is Anaximandros of Miletos, 
‘son of Praxiades, pupil and successor of Thales. He 
said that the first principle and element of all things 
is infinite, and he was the first to apply this word to 


1 Cf. Theophrastos, Dow. 494, infra, p. 12. 


12 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


the first principle ; and he says that it is neither water 
nor any other one of the things called elements, but 
the infinite is something of a different nature, from - 
which came all the heavens and the worlds in them ; 
and from what source things arise, to that they 
return of necessity when they are destroyed; for he 
says that they suffer punishment and give satisfaction ' 
to one another for injustice according to the order of 
time, putting it in rather poetical language. LEvi- 
dently when he sees the four elements changing into 
one another, he does not deem it right to make any one 
of these the underlying substance, but something else 
besides them. And he does not think that things come 
into being by change in the nature of the element, 
but by the separation of the opposites which the eternal 
motion causes. On this account Aristotle compares him 
with Anaxagoras. 

Simpl. Phys. 6 v; 27, 28; Dox. 478. The trans- 
lation is given under Anaxagoras, infra. 

Alex. in Meteor. 91 r (vol. i. 268 Id.), Dox. 494. Some 
of the physicists say that the sea is what is left of 
the first moisture ; ? for when the region about the earth 
was moist, the upper part of the moisture was evapo- 
rated by the sun, and from it came the winds and the 
revolutions of the sun and moon, since these made their 
revolutions by reason of the vapours and exhalations, 
and revolved in those regions where they found an 
abundance of them. What is left of this moisture in 
the hollow places is the sea; so it diminishes in 
quantity, being evaporated gradually by the sun, and 
finally it will be completely dried up. Theophrastos 
says that Anaximandros and Diogenes were of this 
opinion. 

' Archiw f. d. Geschichte d. Phil. i. p. 16 sqq. \ 
? Aet. ili. 16; Dow. 381. 


ANAXIMANDROS 13 


Hipp. Phil. 6; Dox. 559. Anaximandros was a pupil 
of Thales. He was a Milesian, son of Praxiades. He 
- gaid that the first principle of things is of the nature of 
the infinite, and from this the heavens and the worlds 
in them arise. And this (first principle) is eternal and does 
not grow old, and it surrounds all the worlds. He says of 
time that in it generation and being and destruction are 
determined. He said that the first principle and the - 
element of beings is the infinite, a word which he was the 
earliest to apply to the first principle. Besides this, motion 
is eternal, and as a result of it the heavens arise. The 
earth is a heavenly body, controlled by no other power, 
and keeping its position because it is the same distance 
from all things; the form of it is curved, cylindrical 
like a stone column ;' it has two faces, one of these is 
the ground beneath our feet, and the other is opposite to 
it. The stars are a circle” of fire, separated from the 
fire about the world, and surrounded by air. There are 
certain breathing-holes like the holes of a flute through 
which we see the stars; so that when the holes are stopped 
up, there are eclipses. The moon is sometimes full and 
sometimes in other phases as these holes are stopped up 
or open. The circle of the sun is twenty-seven times that 
of the moon, and the sun is higher than the moon, but the 
circles of the fixed stars are lower.* Animals come into 
being through vapours raised by thesun. Man, however, 
came into being from another animal, namely the fish, 
for at first he was like a fish. Winds are due to a 
separation of the lightest vapours and the motion of 
the masses of these vapours ; and moisture comes from 


1 Aet. iii. 10; Dow. 376. Cf. Plut. Strom. 2; Dox. 579. 

2 «dbkdos, the circle or wheel in which the stars are set, and in which 
they revolve. The circle of the moon is farther from the earth, and 
last comes the circle of the sun. 

3 Cf. Aet. ii. 15-25, infra 


14 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


the vapour raised by the sun! from them;? and 
lightning occurs when a wind falls upon clouds and 
separates them. Anaximandros was born in the third 
year of the forty-second Olympiad. 

Plut. Strom. 2; Dox. 579. Anaximandros, the com- 
panion of Thales, says that the infinite is the sole cause 
of all generation and destruction, and from it the 
- heavens were separated, and similarly all the worlds, 
which are infinite in number. And he declared that 
destruction and, far earlier, generation have taken 
place since an indefinite time, since all things are in- 
volved in a cycle. He says that the earth is a cylinder 
in form, and that its depth is one-third of its breadth. 
And he says that at the beginning of this world 
something [rz Diels] productive of heat and cold from 
the eternal being was separated therefrom, and a sort of 
sphere of this flame surrounded the air about the earth, 
as bark surrounds a tree; then this sphere was broken 
into parts and defined into distinct circles, and thus 
arose the sun and the moon and the stars. Farther he 
says that at the beginning man was generated from all 
sorts of animals, since all the rest can quickly get food 
for themselves, but man alone requires careful feeding 
for a long time; such a being at the beginning could 
not have preserved his existence. Such is the teaching 
of Anaximandros. 

Herm. I. G. P.10; Dox. 653. His compatriot Anaxi- 
mandros says that the first principle is older than 
_ water and is eternal motion; in this all things come 
into being, and all things perish. 

Aet. Plac. i. 3; Dox. 277. Anaximandros of Miletos, 
son of Praxiades, says that the first principle of things 
is the infinite; for from this all things come, and all 


) Aet. iii. 6; Dow. 374. * Cf. Aet. iii: 3; Dow. 367. 


ANAXIMANDROS 15 


things perish and return to this.' Accordingly, an 
infinite number of worlds have been generated and 
have perished again and returned to their source. So 
he calls it infinite, in order that the generation which 
takes place may not lessen it. But he fails to say what 
the infinite is, whether it is air or water or earth or 
some other thing. He fails to show what matter is, 
and simply calls it the active cause. For the infinite is 
nothing else but matter ; and matter cannot be energy, 
unless an active agent is its substance. 7; 302. Anaxi- 
mandros declared that the infinite heavens are gods. 
Aet. ii. 1; Dox. 327. Anaximandros (et al.): 
Infinite worlds exist in the infinite in every cycle; 
Dox. 329, and these worlds are equally distant from 
each other. 4; 331. The world is perishable. 11; . 
340. Anaximandros: The heavens arise from a 
mixture of heat and cold. 13; 342. The stars are 
wheel-shaped masses of air, full of fire, breathing 
out flames from pores in different parts. 15; 345. 
Anaximandros et al.: The sun has the highest posi- 
tion of all, the moon is next in order, and beneath it 
are the fixed stars and the planets. 16; 345. The 
stars are carried on by the circles and the spheres in 
which each one moves. 20; 348. Thecircle of the sun 
is twenty-eight times as large as the earth, like a chariot 
wheel, having a hollow centre and this full of fire, 
shining in every part, and sending out fire through a 
narrow opening like the air from a flute. 21; 351. 
The sun is equal in size to the earth, but the circle from 
which it sends forth its exhalations, and by which it is 
borne through the heavens, is twenty-seven times as 
large as the earth. 24; 354. An eclipse takes place 
when the outlet for the fiery exhalations is closed. 25; 
355. The circle of the moon is nineteen times as large 
? Epiphan. iii. 2; Doz. 589. 


16 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


as the earth, and like the circle of the sun is full of fire ; 
and eclipses are due to the revolutions of the wheel ; for 
it is like a chariot wheel, hollow inside, and the centre 
of it is full of fire, but there is only one exit for the fire. 
28; 358. The moon shines by its own light. 29; 359. 
The moon is eclipsed when the hole in the wheel is 
stopped. 

Aet. iii. 8; Dox. 867. Anaximandros said that 
lightning is due to wind; for when it is surrounded and 
pressed together by a thick cloud and so driven out 
by reason of its lightness and rarefaction, then the break- 
ing makes a noise, while the separation makes a rift of 
brightness in the darkness of the cloud. 

Aet. iv. 8; Dox. 387. Anaximandros et al.: The 
soul is like air in its nature. 

Aet. v. 19; Dox. 480. Anaximandros said that the 
first animals were generated in the moisture, and were 
covered with a prickly skin; and as they grew older, 
they became drier, and after the skin broke off from 
them, they lived for a little while. 

Cic. de Nat. Deor. i. 10; Dox. 581. It was the 
opinion of Anaximandros that gods have a beginning, 
at long intervals rising and setting, and that they are 
the innumerable worlds. But who of us can think of 
god except as immortal ? 


17 


bi 
ANAXIMENES. 


AnaxImMENEs of Miletos, son of Eurystratos, was the 
pupil or companion of Anaximandros. According to 
Apollodoros, quoted by Diogenes, he was born in the 
sixty-third Olympiad (528-524 s.c.). Diels! has, how- 
ever, made it seem probable that this date refers to his 
prime of life, rather than to his birth. Of his life 

nothing is known. 
Literature: Krische, Forschungen, i. 52-57; Teich- 
miiller, Studien, 71-104; Revue Phil. 1888, p. 6 ff.; 


Archw f. d. Geschichte d. Phil. i. pp. 315 ff. and pp. 
582 ff. 


(a) FRAGMENT ACCREDITED TO ANAXIMENES. 


Collection des anciens alchimistes grecs, Livre i., 
Paris 1887, p. 83, ll. 7-10, Olympiodoros. pilav 52 
Kivoupérny areipov apxnv Tavtav tov dvtov ed6£ater 
’"Avakipévns Tov dépa. éyer yap ot Tws éyyvs got o anp 
Tov dowpdatou: Kal Ste Kat’ Expovay TovTov ywopeba, 
avdykn avtov Kal dreipov eivar kal mrovowov Sia Td 
pndémote éxdeitrew. 

Translation—Anaximenes arrived at the conclusion 
that air is the one, movable, infinite, first principle of 
all things. For he speaks as follows: Air is the nearest 
to an immaterial thing; for since we are generated in 


1 Rhein. Mus. xxxi. 27. 


18 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


the flow of air, it is necessary that it should be infinite 
and abundant, because it is never exhausted.! 


(b) PassAGHS RELATING TO ANAXIMENES IN ARISTOTLE, &c. 


Arist. Meteor. ii. 1; 854 a28. Most of the earlier 
students of the heavenly bodies believed that the sun 
did not go underneath the earth, but rather around the 
earth and this region, and that it disappeared from view 
and produced night, because the earth was so high 
toward the north. 

Simpl. de Coelo 278 b 45; Schol. Arist. 514a 83. He 
regarded the first principle as unlimited, but not 
as undefined, for he called it air, thinking that air 
had a sufficient adaptability to change. 

Simpl. Phys. 32 r 149, 832. Of this one writer alone, 
Theophrastos, in his account of the Physicists, uses 
the words pavwors and zikvwors of texture. The 
rest, of course, spoke of wavorns and wuxvorns. 

Simpl. Phys. 257v. Some say that the universe always 
existed, not that it has always been the same, 
but rather that it successively changes its character 


_ in certain periods of time; as, for instance, Anaxi- 
menes and Herakleitos and Diogenes. 


Arist. de Coelo ii. 18; 294 b 18. Anaximenes and 
Anaxagoras and Demokritos say that the breadth of the 
earth is the reason why it remains where it is. 

Arist. Meteor. ii. 7; 365 (a 17),b 6. Anaximenes says 
that the earth was wet, and when it dried it broke apart, 
and that earthquakes are due to the breaking and falling 
of hills; accordingly earthquakes occur in droughts, 
and in rainy seasons also; they occur in drought, as has 
been said, because the earth dries and breaks apart, 
and it also crumbles when it is wet through with waters. 


Arist. Metaph. i.38; 984a 5. Anaximenes regarded 
air as the first principle. 


' For a discussion of the above fragment, v. Archiv f. d. Geschichte 
d. Phil. i. 315. 


ANAXIMENES 19 


Plut. Prim. Fri. vii. 3, p. 947. According to Anaxi- 
menes, the early philosopher, we should not neglect 
either cold or heat in bemg but should regard them 
as common experiences of matter which are inci- 
dent to its changes. He says that the compressed 
and the condensed state of matter is cold, while 
the rarefied and relaxed (a word he himself uses) 
state of it is heat. Whence he says it is not 
strange that men breathe hot and cold out of the 
mouth ; for the breath is cooled as it is compressed 
and condensed by the lips, but when the mouth is 
relaxed, it comes out warm by reason of its rare- 
faction. 


(c) PasSAGES RELATING TO ANAXIMENES IN 
THE DoxoGRAPHISTs. 


Theophrastos; Simpl. Phys. 6r 24, 26; Dox. 476. 
Anaximenes of Miletos, son of Eurystratos, a companion 
of Anaximandros, agrees with him that the essential 
nature of things is one and infinite, but he regards it as 
not indeterminate but rather determinate, and calls it 
air; the air differs in rarity and in density as the nature 
of things is different; when very attenuated it becomes 
fire, when more condensed wind, and then cloud, and when 
still more condensed water and earth and stone, and all 
other things are composed of these; and he regards 
motion as eternal, and by this changes are produced.' 

Hipp. Philos. 7; Dox. 560. Anaximenes, himself a 
Milesian, son of Eurystratos, said that infinite air is the 
first principle,” from which arise the things that have come 
and are coming into existence, and the things that will be, 
and gods and divine beings, while other things are pro- 
duced from these. And the form of air is as follows :— 
When it is of a very even consistency, it is imperceptible 
to vision, but it becomes evident as the result of cold or 


* Cf. Arist. Phys. i. 4; and de Coelo iii. 5. 
2 V. Epiph. adv. Haer. iii. 3; Dow. 589. 


20 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


heat or moisture, or when it is moved. It is always in 
motion; for things would not change as they do unless 
it were in motion. It has a different appearance when 
it is made more dense or thinner ; when it is expanded 
into a thinner state it becomes fire, and again winds are 
condensed air, and air becomes cloud by compression, 
and water when it is compressed farther, and earth and 
finally stones as it is more condensed. So that genera- 
tion is controlled by the opposites, heat and cold. And 
the broad earth is supported on air;! similarly the sun 
and the moon and all the rest of the stars, being fiery 
bodies,” are supported on the air by their breadth. And 
stars are made of earth, since exhalations arise from 
this, and these being attenuated become fire, and of this 
fire when it is raised to the heaven the stars are con- 
stituted. There are also bodies of an earthy nature ‘ in 
the place occupied by the stars, and carried along with 
them in their motion. He says that the stars do not 
move under the earth, as others have supposed, but 
around the earth,® just as a cap is moved about the head. 
And the sun is hidden not by going underneath the 
earth, but because it is covered by some of the higher 
parts of the earth, and because of its greater distance 
from us. The stars do not give forth heat because they 
are so far away. Winds are produced when the air that 
-has been attenuated is set in motion; and when it comes 
together and is yet farther condensed, clouds are produced, 
and so it changes into water. And hail is formed when 
the water descending from the clouds is frozen; and 
snow, when these being yet more filled with moisture 
become frozen ; ® and lightning, when clouds are separated 
by violence of the winds ; for when they are separated, 


— 1 Aet. iii, 15; Dow. 880. 2 Act. ii. 13; 342; ii. 20; 348; ii. 25; 336. 
3 Aet. ii. 22; 352. + Aet. ii. 13; 342. 
5 Aet. ii, 16; 346. § Aet. iii. 4; 370. 


ANAXIMENES 21 


the flash is bright and like fire.’ And a rainbow is pro- 
duced when the sun’s rays fall on compressed air ;? and 
earthquakes are produced when the earth is changed yet: 
more by heating and cooling.*? Such are the opinions 
of Anaximenes. And he flourished about the first year 
of the fifty-eighth Olympiad. 

Plut. Strom. 3; Dox. 579. Anaximenes says that air 
is the first principle of all things, and that it is infinite in 
quantity but is defined by its qualities; and all things 
are generated by a certain condensation or rarefaction of 
it. Motion also exists from eternity. And by compres- 
sion of the air the earth was formed, and it is very broad ; 
accordingly he says that this rests on air; and the sun 
and the moon and the rest of the stars were formed from 
earth. He declared that the sun is earth because of 
its swift motion, and it has the proper amount of heat. 

Cic. de Nat. Deor. i. 10; Dox. 581. Afterwards 
Anaximenes said that air is god,‘ [and that it arose] 
and that it is boundless and infinite and always in 
motion; just as though air without any form could be 
god, when it is very necessary that god should be not 
only of some form, but of the most beautiful form ; ox as 
though everything which comes into being were not 
thereby subject to death. 

Aet.i. 3; Dox. 278. Anaximenes of Miletos, son of Ku- 
rystratos, declared that air is the first principle of things, 
for from this all things arise and into this they are all 
resolved again. As our soul which is air, he says, 
holds us together, so wind [i.e. breath, wvedwa] and 
air encompass the whole world. He uses these words 
‘air’ and ‘wind’ synonymously. He is mistaken in 
thinking that animals are composed of simple homo- 

! Aet. iii.3; 368. 2 Aet. iii.5; 373. 


3 Cf. Aet. iii. 15; 379 imfra and Arist. Meteor. ii. 7, supra. 
4 Aet. i. 7; 302. 


22 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


geneous air and wind; for it is impossible that one 
first principle should constitute the substance of things, 
but an active cause is also necessary ; just as silver 
alone is not enough to become coin, but there is need of 
an active cause, z.e. a coin-maker ; [so there is need of 
copper and wood and other substances]. 

Aet. ii. 1; 827. Anaximenes et al.: Infinite worlds 
exist in the infinite in every cycle. 4; 831. The world 
is perishable. 11; 339. The sky is the revolving vault 
most distant from the earth. 14; 344. The stars 
are fixed like nailheads in the crystalline (vault). 19; 
347. The stars shine for none of these reasons, but 

solely by the light of the sun. 22; 852. The sun is 
broad [like a leaf]. 23; 352. ‘he stars revolve, being 
pushed by condensed resisting air. 

Aet. iii. 10; 377. The form of the earth is like a 
table. 15; 379. The dryness of the air, due to 
drought, and its wetness, due to rainstorms, are the 
causes of earthquakes. 


Aet. iv. 3; 887. Anaximenes et al.: The soul is 
like air in its nature. 


23 


LY; 
HERAKLEITOS. 


Accorpine to Apollodoros, Herakleitos son of Blyson 
flourished in the sixty-ninth Olympiad (504-501 B.c.).—_ 
An attempt to fix the date from his reference to the expul- 
sion from Ephesos of his friend Hermodoros (Frag. 114) 
has resulted in a somewhat later date, though it is by no 
means impossible that Hermodoros was expelled during 
Persian rule in the city. Beyond the fact that Herakleitos 
lived in Ephesos we know nothing of his life; of the 
many stories related about him most can be proved 
false, and there is no reason for crediting the remainder 
His philosophic position is clear, however, since he referg 
to Pythagoras and Xenophanes (Fr. 16-17), and 
Parmenides (Vss. 46 sqq.) seems to refer to him. His 
book is said to have been divided into three parts :— 
(1) Concerning the All; (2) Political; (8) Theological 
Even in antiquity he was surnamed the ‘dark’ or the 
‘ obscure.’ 


Literature: Schleiermacher, Op. Phil. ii. 1-146; Ber- 
nays, Ges. Abhandl.i.; Lassalle, Die Philosophie 
Heraklettos des dunklen, Berl. 1858; P. Schuster, 
‘ Heraklit von Ephesos,’ in Act. soc. phil. Lips. 
1878, 111 ; Teichmiiller, Newe Studien zur Gesch. 
d. Begriffe, Gotha 1876-1878; Bywater, Heracl. 
Eph. Reliquiae, Oxford 1877; Gomperz, ‘Zu 
Herakl. Lehre,’ Sitz. d. Wien. Ak. 1886, p. 977 ff. ; 
Patin, Herakl. Einheitslehre, Leipzig 1886, ‘ Quel- 
lenstudien zu Heraklit,’ in Festschrift f. L. Urlichs, 
1880, Herakleitische Beispiele, Progr. Neuburg, 
1892-1893 ; E. Pfleiderer, Die Philosophie des He- 
raklits im Lichte der Mysterienidee, Berlin 1886 ; 
also Rhein. Mus. xlii. 153 ff.; JBB. f. protest. 
Theol. xiv. 177 ff.; E. Wambier, Studia Heraclhitea, 
Diss. Berlin 1891. 


24 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


(a) Fragments oF H®RAKLEITOS. 


1. ov« Zed GAA TOD Adyoy aKovcarTas opohoreecy 
coop éott, &v qWayta éivar. 

2. rod 8s Néryou Todd éovTos aisl afoveros ryivovrat 
avOpwrot kat mpocbev i akodoat Kal akovcavTes TO 
TpOTov. yivouevav yap mdvTwv KaTa TOV AOYoV TOVdE 
atreipoict zoikact TElpwpEvol Kal eTEwV Kai Epywv tovov- 
Téov dKolov eyo Sinysbpar, Siaipéov Exacrov Kata diow 
cat ppdlwv SKws zyer. Tovs S& dddXous avOpwmovs dav- 
Odver oxdoa eyepOévtes Trotgovet, xwomep OKdoa evdovTEs 
évtAavOavovTat. 

3. a&vveTou dxovoarTes Kwpotot zoixact Pats avTOLCL 
mapTupéest arapsaeras améivat. 

4. xaxol paptupes avOparroiae opOarpot Kai wta, 
BapRapous Woyxas exovrTo. 

5. ov Ppoveovor TovadTa ToAXOl oKOToLCL éyxupzoucr 
ovoe patlove es pwmanovat; Ewutotot 3 SoKgovat. 

6. axodcat odk @riotdpevot ovd  eizreiv. 


ei” 
7 


Sources and Critical Notes. 


1. Hipp. Ref. haer. ix. 9 (cf. Philo, Leg. all. iii. 3, p. 88). 

Adyou Bernays, déyuaros MS., Bgk.: elvac Miller, cidéva: MB., 
Bern. Bgk. 

2. Sext. Emp. adv. math. vii. 132; (except last clause) Hipp. Ref. 
haer. ix.9. In part: Arist. Rhet. iii. 5, 1407 b 14; Clem. Al. Strom. 
vy. 14, p. 716 (=Euseb. P. LZ. xiii. 13, p. 680) ; Amelius in Euseb. P. EL. 
xi. 19, p. 540, (and elsewhere). Cf. Philo, Quis rer. div. haer. 43, p. 505 ; 
Joh. Sic. in Walz, Rhett. Gr. vi. p. 95. 

Tov d€ovros vulg. except Sext. Emp. : ero} (for agvvero:) MS. Hipp. : 
drelporot Bern., &rerpor eioly Hipp., &reipor Sext. Emp. 


3. Clem. Al. Strom. v. 14, p. 718 (Euseb. P. E. xiii. 13, p. 681); 
Theod. Ther. i. 18, 49: d&méva: MS. Clem. 
' 4, Sext. Emp. adv. math. viii. 126; Stob. Flor. iv. 56; ef. Diog. 
Laer. ix. 7. 

5. Clem. Al. Strom. ii. 2, p. 432 ;' cf. M. Antoninus, iv. 46. 

dxéoos Gataker, dxéoo: vulg.: éyxupéovor Schuster, eyupretiovdy 
vulg. 
6. Clem. Al. Strom. ii. 5, p. 442. 


HERAKLEITOS 25 


TRANSLATION. 


1. Not on my authority, but on that of truth, it is 
wise for you to accept the fact that all things are one. 

Hippolytos quotes this with Fragment 45, to show that 

Herakleitos taught the underlying unity of all 

things. On the word Adyos (meaning both discourse 


and the truth the discourse contains), v. Zeller, i. 
630, n. 1. 


2. This truth, though it always exists, men do not 
understand, as well before they hear it as when they hear 
it for the first time. For although all things happen in 
accordance with this truth, men seem unskilled indeed 
when they make trial of words and matters such as I am 
setting forth, in my effort to discriminate each thing ac- 
cording to its nature, and to tell what its state is. But 
other men fail to notice what they do when awake, in 
the same manner that they forget what they do when 
asleep. 

Hippolytos quotes this passage with reference to a 
universal all-pervading reason. 

3. Those who hear without the power to understand 
are like deaf men ; the proverb holds true of them—‘ Pre- 
sent, they are absent.’ 


Quoted by Clement in illustration of Ey. Lue. xiv. 35. 
4. Eyes and ears are bad witnesses for men, since 
‘their souls lack understanding. 


' Sextus Emp. interprets this as meaning ‘rude souls 
trust the irrational senses.’ Cf. Zeller, i. 716, n. 5. 
5. Most men do not understand such things as they 
are wont to meet with; nor by learning do they come to 
know them, though they think they do. 
6. They know not how to listen, nor how to speak. 


Clement compares this with Eccles. vi. 35. 


26 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 

7. av pn edrrnat, avédmiotov ovK eevpnoe, aveke- 
pevvntov gov Kal arropov. 

8. xpuadv of Sifjpevor yhv moAdnV optacover Kal 
etploKxovat ONUyov. 

9. ayxiBacinv. 

10. uous KpoTrtecbar pinret. 





ee” 
11. 6 dvak [0b 70 pavtetév zore TO] 2v Aeddois ote 
Neyer OUTE KpUTTEL, GAAA onpaivel. 
12. ciBurAr\a Sb penivopiivep oTopatt ayéXacTa Kal 
akarrOrieTa Kal dpbporra POeyyopevn xediey éTéwv 
&Evavéetar TH pov Ova Tov Ozov. © : 


13. dcwv dis axon paOnots, TadTA éy@ TpoTipmEeo. 


14. dmictovs apdicBntovpévov trapexopuevor Be- 
Batwras. 


15. opOarpol Tdv @Twv axpiBéotepot papTupes. 





7. Clem. Al. Strom. ii. 4, p. 437; Theod. Ther. i. p. 15, 51. 


Zamnabe Steph., Zamna Byw. Schus.: etevphoere Steph., etev- 
phoes Schus. On punctuation v. Gomperz, Archiv f. d. G. d. 
Phil. i. 100. 
8. Clem. Al. Strom. iv. 2, p. 565; Theod. Ther. i. p. 15, 52. 
9. Suidas, under dugicBareiv and ayxiBareiv. 
10. Themist. Or. v. p. 69 (xii. p. 159). Cf. Philo, Qu. in gen. iv. 1 
p. 237, de profug. 32, p. 578, de somn. i. 2, p. 621, de spec. legg. 8, p. 
344; Julian, Or. vii. p. 216 c. 
11. Plut. de pyth. orac. 21, p. 404 =; Stob. Flor. v. 72, lxxxi. 17; 
Iambl. de myst. iii. 15. Cf. Lucian, vit. auct. 14. 


7d wayreiov appears only in Plutarch, and should probably be 
omitted. 
12. Plut. de pyth. or. 6, p. 8974. Cf. Clem. Al. Strom. i. 15, p. 
358; Iambl. de myst. iii. 8; Pseudo-Herakl. Epist. viii. 
13. Hipp. Ref. haer. ix. 9. 
MS. 8ooy, corr. Miller. ( 
14. Polyb. iv. 40. 
15. Polyb. xii. 27; cf. Hat. i. 


HERAKLEITOS Bh 


7. If you do not hope, you will not find that which 
is not hoped for; since it is difficult to discover and 
impossible to attain. 

Clement compares this with Isaias vii. 9. With Gom- 


perz’s punctuation : ‘ Unless you expect the unex- 
pected, you will not find truth ; for, &e.’ 


8. Seekers for gold dig much earth, and find little 
gold. 

9. Controversy. 

10. Nature loves to hide. 

‘So we worship the creator of nature, because the 
knowledge of him is difficult.’ 

11. The Lord [whose is the oracle] at Delphi neither 
speaks nor conceals, but gives a sign. 

12. And the Sibyl with raving mouth, uttering 
words solemn, unadorned, and unsweetened, reaches with 
her voice a thousand years because of the god in her. 

Quoted by Plutarch to show that allurements of sense 
are out of place in the holy responses of the god. 
Both this fragment and the preceding seem origi- 
nally to have referred to the nature of Herakleitos’s 
teaching ; it is obscure, and yet divine. 

18. What can be seen, heard, and learned, this I 
prize. 

Hippolytos contrasts this with Fr. 47, and in this con- 
nection the translation of Schuster, ‘Am I to prize 
these (invisible) things above what can be seen, 
heard, learned ?’ seems the more natural. 

14. (For this is characteristic of the present age, 
when, inasmuch as all lands and seas may be crossed by 
man, it would no longer be fitting to depend on the 
witness of poets and mythographers, as our ancestors 
generally did), ‘bringing forth untrustworthy witnesses to 
confirm disputed points,’ in the words of Herakleitos. 

15. Eyes are more exact witnesses than ears. 


Cf. Bernays, Rhein. Mus. ix. 261 sqq. 


. 


28 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


dy 2idake nal IvOayopnv aitis te Bevoddvea xal 
Exaraiov. 


: 16. wodvpabin voov éxew od Sibdoxe: “Holodov yap 


17. HvOayopns Mvncdpxouv iotopinv joxnoe avOpe- 
Tov pddota mavtev' Kal [éxreEduevos tavtas Tas 
cuyypadhas] érolnce Ewvtod codinv, Todvpabinv, Kaxko- 
Texvinv. 

18. oxdc@v oyous jKovea ovdels adixvéetat és TODTO, 
@gTE ywooKew OTL copov éoTt TAaVT@Y KEYwpLopEVOV. 

19. ty 70 coder, [érictacbar yropnv } xvBepvatar 
mavta dia wavtov|. (65) AeyeoOau od 20érev kat 202ree 
Znvos ovvopa. 

20. Koopov < Tévde> Tov adToY aTdyTwY OvTE TLS Oedv 

of > , > / > 3’ #4 2 \ Naot \oouv 
OUTE avOperav ETOLNTE, ANN HV ALEL KAL EOTL KAL ETTAL 

an Aes e / / 2 Waa / sae / 
mip aeilwov, am TOmevov péTpa kal aoa Revvipevov péTpa. 





16. Diog. Laer. ix. 1. First part: Aul. Gell. N. A. praef. 12; Clem. 
Al. Strom. i. 19, p. 373: Athen. xiii. p. 610 B: Julian, Or. vi. p. 187 p; 
Proklos in Tim. 31-r. 

twoAuuab7 MSS. Clem. Athen. 
17. Diog. Laer. viii. 6. Cf. Clem. Al. Strom. i. 21, p. 396. 


Schleiermacher omits éxAciduevos tr. 7. cvvypapas: Vulg. érorhoaro 
éavrov, the text is from Laurent. ed. Cobet: Casaubon kado- 
Texvinv. 

18. Stob. Flor. iii. 81. 

19. Laer. Diog. ix. 1; Plut. deIs. 77, p. 3820. Cf. Kleanthes, H. Z. 
36; Pseudo-Linos, 13, Mul. Byw. 65; Clem. Al. Strom. v. 14, p. 718 
(Euseb. P. H. xiii. 18, p. 681); Cf. Bernays, Rhein. Mus. ix. 256. The 
fragments are combined by Gomperz, 1. c. 

hire oi @ykuBepynoes Diog. Laer., rod ppovodvros ¢ KuBepvarar Td 
ciprav, Plut., yyouns } . . . mdvra xvBepyds. Kleanth. 

20. Clem. Al. Strom. vy. 14, p. 711 (Euseb. P. H. xiii. 13, p. 676). 
First clause: Plut. de anim. procr. 5,p.10144. Last clause: Sim. in 
Arist. de coelo, p. 182, Kats.; Olympiod. in Plat. Phaed. p. 201, Fine 
Bywater traces the thought through writers of Stoical school. 


uérpw Euseb. ed. Steph. p. 132. 


HERAKLEITOS 29 


16. Much learning does not teach one to have. 
understanding ; else it would have taught Hesiod, and 
Pythagoras, and again Xenophanes, and Hekataios. 


17. Pythagoras, son of Mnesarchos, prosecuted in- 
vestigations more than any other man, and [selecting 
these treatises] he made a wisdom of his own—much 
learning and bad art. 


18. No one of all whose discourses I have heard has 
arrived at this result: the recognition that wisdom is 
apart from all ether things. 


V. Teichmiiller, i. 109 ff. on the idea of katharsis in 
Herakleitos. 


19. Wisdom is one thing: [to understand the intel- 
ligence by which all things are steered through all 
things]; it is willing and it is unwilling to be called by 
the name Zeus. 


The first two clauses follow Fr. 16 in Diog. Laer. ; 
the idea in parenthesis often appears in Stoic 
writers. 


20. This order, the same for all things, no one of 
gods or men has made, but it always was, and is, and 
ever shall be, an ever-living fire, kindling according to 
fixed measure, and extinguished according to fixed 
measure. 


Zeller, i. 645 n. 1, discusses the various interpretations, 
and prefers to translate the first phrase ‘ This 
world, the same for all,’ 7.e. including gods and men. 


30 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


21. rupos tpotal mp@tov Odracca: Oaddcons dé TO 
pay Tyuou yh, TO 82 Hucov mpnoryp. 


22 ‘ > s , maa a e A 
. Tupos avtapeiBetat wavta Kal Tip atavtar, 
@owep ypvcod ypypata Kal ypnudtwv ypucos. 


23. Oddacoa SiaxdeTar Kal petpéeTar 2s Tov avdTov 
Royov oxotos rpocGev tv H yevéoBar Ty7t. 
24. ypnopootvn . - . Kopos. 
25. & wip tov ys Odvatoy, kai anp fh tov mupos 
Odvatov: tdap SH Tov aépos Bavator, yh Tov bdaros. 
° . 
26. wavta TO wip éredOov Kpivéer Kai KaTaAN ETAL. 


27. To wn Sdvoyv ToTe Tas ay Tis AXGBOL ; 


28. ta 62 wavta oiaxifer Kepavvos. 





21. Clem. Al. Strom. v. 14, P- 712 (Euseb. P. EL. xiii. 13, p. 676). Cf. 
Hipp. Ref. haer. vi. 17. 


awup tporas Eus. D, rupds tporas Eus. F G, ed. Steph.: @dAacca 
Eus. F. ; elsewhere @aAdoons. 


22. Plut. de EI8, p. 388£; cf. Philo, de incor. mun. 21, p. 508; 
Diog. Laer. ix. 8; Herakl. alleg. Hom. 43; Euseb. P. E. xiv. 3, p. 720 &e. 


Probably only the word aueiBoua: comes from Herakleitos; cf. the 
two forms of Fr. 31 in Plutarch. 


23. Clem. Al. Strom. v. 14, p. 712 (Euseb. P. E. xiii. 13, p. 676). 
Euseb. omits 77, Schuster reads yjv: rpécdev Eus., rpérov Clem. 


24. Philo, Leg. all. iii. 3, p. 88, de vict. 6, p. 242; Hipp. Ref. haer. 
ix.10. Cf. Plut. de EI9, p. 389c. 


25. Maxim. Tyr. xli. 4, p. 489. Cf. M. Antoninus, iv. 46. Plut. de 
ETI 18, p. 392 c (Eus. P. E. xi. 11, p. 528) and de prim. frig. 10, p. 949 a, 
gives simply rupds @dvaros Gépos yéveots. 


26. Hipp. Ref. haer. ix. 10. 
27. Clem. Al. Paedag. ii. 10, p. 229. tis, teva Schleierm., 7: Gataker. 


28. Hipp. Ref. haer. ix. 10. Cf. Klean. H. Z. 10. Philodem. de 
piet. p. 70, Gomp. 








HERAKLEITOS 31 


21. The transformations of fire are, first of all, sea ; 
and of the sea one half is earth, and the other half is 
lightning flash. 

Zeller, i. 647 n. 1, regards zpyorjp as identical with 


xepavves of Fr. 28. Burnett, Harly Greek Philo- 
sophy, p. 153 n. 53, suggests fiery stormcloud, 


Seneca’s igneus turbo. 

22. All things are exchanged for fire, and fire for all 
things ; as wares are exchanged for gold, and gold for 
wares. 

23. (The earth) is poured out as sea, and measures 
the same amount as existed before it became earth. 


V. Lassalle, ii. 63; Heinze, Logos, p. 25; Schuster, 
p- 129; Zeller, i. 690 n. 1. 


24. Want and satiety. 


Context: Fire is intelligent and the governing cause 
ofallthings. Herakleitos calls it want and satiety. 
In his opinion want is the process of arrangement, 
and satiety the process of conflagration. 

25. Fire lives in the death of earth, and air lives in 
the death of fire; water lives in the death of air, and 
earth in that of water. 

Not accepted by Zeller, i. 676, who regards it as a 
Stoic version of Fr. 68. 

26. Fire coming upon all things will test them, and 

lay hold of them. 


Burnett suggests that the reference to a judgment 


(xpuvéer) was inserted by Hippolytos to obtain the 
Christian idea of a judgment. 


27. How could one escape the notice of that which 
never sets ? 


Cf. Schuster, p. 184; Zeller, i. 649 n. 2; Teichmiiller, 
1. 184. 


28. The thunderbolt directs the course of all things. 
Cf. Fr. 19. 


32 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


29. HrLos ody brepBncetar wétpa* et 52 wy, "Epuvies 
pv Oikns érrixouvpor 2Eevpyjcovar. 

30. nods Kal éorépns tépuata 1 apKTos, Kal avtior 
Tis dpKtov ovpos aiOpiov Avés. 

81. ef pr) HrLos Hv, edppdvn av Hr. 

32. véos ed’ tuépn ALS. 

84.* dpat wavra pépovor. 

85. diddocKxados 82 TrAslotov “Holodos: todrov éri- 
oravTar TAEioTa Eidévat, boTis hwépny Kal evppdovnv ovK 
éyivwoke: Fate yap Ev. 

36. 0 Osos zon edppovn, yeimwv Oépos, TodrELOS 
elpnvn, KOpos Aywos* addoLodTaL 52 GxooTEp bKOTAaY TUp- 
peyn <Ovopa> Ovedpace: dvowalerar cal’ Sovyv Exacrov. 





29. Plut. de exil. 11, p. 6044; de Iside 48, p. 370. Cf. Hipp. Ref. 
haer. vi. 26; Iambl. Prot. 21, p. 132. 


Pseudo-Herakl. Hip. ix. reads roAdAal Sixns "Epivies, auaprnudrov 
gvaaces: Plut. 370 p reads AavOdve nol tH wdvTwv yevéoe 
Karapomevoy, ek maxns Kal dytimabelas thy yéverw éxdvtwr ; 
farwov S& wh SrepBhoecPat To’s mpoaonkovros Spovs: ei 5k wh, 
yAérras [kAG0as, Hubman] muy Sikns emicodpous ekeuphoew. 


80. Strabo, i. 6, p. 3.. Vulg. adds yap after jods. 

81. Plut. Aq. et ign. 7, p. 9574. Cf. Plut. de fort. 3, p. 98; Clem. Al. 
Prot. 11, p. 87; Somn. Scip. 1, 20. 

32. Arist. Met. ii. 2, p. 35529; Alexander Aph. in Met. 1. 1. 93 a; 
Olymp. in Met. 1.1.; Prokl. in Tim. p. 3343. Cf.. Plotin. Hmn. ii. 1, p. 
97; Plato, Polit. vi. p. 4988 (and Schol.); Olymp. in Plat. Phaed. p. 
201 Finc. 

33. Diog. Laer. i. 23 yields no fragment. 

34, Plut. Quazs. Plat. viii. 4, p. 1007. Cf. Plut. de def. orac. 12, 
p. 4164; M. Antonin. ix. 3. 

35. Hipp. Ref. haer. ix.10. MSS. edppocdyny, corr. Miller. 

36. Hipp. Ref. haer. ix. 10 (ef. v. 21). 

After Amés Bergk inserts from Hippolytos ravayria &rayra auros 
véos. Bergk adds oivos after Skwomep, Schuster after @vépacr ; 
Bernays suggests @twua after ovuuryf, Zeller &hp, Diels wip. 
MSS. read oupmryi. 


* I keep Bywater’s numbers, though I omit some of his fragments. 
Such omissions are referred to in the critical notes. 


HERAKLEITOS 33 


29. The sun will not overstep his bounds ; if he does, 
the Erinnyes, allies of justice, will find him out. 


30. The limit of the evening and the morning is 
the Bear; and opposite the Bear is the boundary of 
bright Zeus. 


Strabo regards this as a Homeric expression for the 
fact that the northern circle is the boundary of 
rising and setting. Zeus aithrios means the clear 
heavens. 


31. If there were no sun, it would be night. 
32. The sun is new every day. 


33. (Herakleitos and Demokritos bear witness that 
Thales was an astronomer, and predicted eclipses, etc.) 


34. The seasons bring all things. 


‘ Time is not motion of a simple sort, but, so to speak, 
motion in an order which has measure and limits 
and periods. The sun, guardian of these,.... 
appoints and announces the seasons, which, accord- 
ing to Herakleitos, bring all things.’ 


35. Hesiod is the teacher of most men ; they suppose 
that his knowledge was very extensive, when in fact he 
did not know night and day, for they are one. 


| 


and peace, satiety and hunger ; but he assumes different 
forms, just as when incense is mingled with incense; 
every one gives him the name he pleases. 


36. God is day and night, winter and summer, war | 


o> 


34 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


\ a 
87. e& wavta Ta dvTa Kavos yévotTo, pives adv 


Siaryvotev. 

88. tai yal dopevrar cal’ ” Avdnyy.t 

89. Ta uyxpa Ogperar, Oeppov WiyxeTat, bypov adaive- 
Tal, Kapparéov voTiveTar. 

40. onidvnot Kal cvuvayel, TpocEot Kal ATrELot. 

- 41—42. rorapotar Sls rotor adtoio. ovx dv éuBains: 

Erepa yap (Kal érepa) éruppéer dara. 

b-Ae A c , ¢ e 

48. péuderas to “Opnpm “Hpaerevtos eirdvte: ws 
” ” fa} a ” MBN @ ¢ > sv rs > / 
pis &x te Oe@v Ex 7 avOpwrwy arodotTo: oiynoecOat 
yap pnot wavta. 


/ ‘ 
44. qoNe“os mavTwv pév TaTHp éoTe Tavtwv dé 
Bactrsds, kal rods pav Oeods 2Zerke Tods 58 avOpdrovs, 
tovs pev SovrAous etroinae Tovs 52 édevOEpovs. 





87. Arist. de sensu 5, p. 443 a 21. 

38. Plut. de fac. in orbe lun. 28, p. 943 8. Patin, Hinheitslehre, p. 23, 
points out that this so-called fragment is probably due to a misunder- 
standing of the passage in Aristotle (Fr. 37). 


39. Schol. Tzetz. ad Exeg. in Iliad. p. 126, Hermann. Cf. Hippo- 
krates, wep) d:alrns 1, 21; Pseudo-Herakl. Hpist. v. 


40. Plat. de HI 18, p. 3928. V. Pseudo-Herakl. Hpist. vi. 


41. Plut. Quaes. nat. 2, p.9124. First half: Plato, Krat. 4024; 
Arist. Metaph. xiv. 5, p. 1010213; Plut. de sera nwm. vind. 15, p. 559 c; 
de EI 18, p. 3924; Simplic. in Arist. Phys. 17 p. 77, 32; Ibid. f. 308 v. 


Plato and Simpl. read és rdy airdy moraudv. Byw. inserts «al 
érepa; cf. his fr. 42 infra. 


42. Arius Didymus in Euseb. P. H. xv. 20, p. 821. [Cf.. Sext. Emp. 
Pyrrh. hyp. iii. 115.) rorapotor roto. abroto: éuBalvovow érepa kad €repa 
Bdara emippet. : u 


43. Simpl. in Arist. Cat. p. 104 A ed. Basil. (Scholl. in Arist. 88 b 28) ; 
Schol. Ven. ad Jl. xviii. 107, and Eustath. p. 1133, 56. Cf. Arist. Hth. 
Eud. vii.1,p. 1235 a 26; Plutarch de Isid. 48, 370 p; Numen. in Chalcid. 
on Tim. 295. 


44. Hipp. Ref. haer. ix. 9. First part: Plut. de Iside 48, p. 370 p; 
Prok on Tim. 54 (cf. 24.8) ; Lucian, quomodo hist. consc. 2; Icar. 8. 


ee a 


HERAKLEITOS 35 


37. If all things should become smoke, then percep- 
tion would be by the nostrils. 


Arist. ‘Some think that odour is a smoky exhalation, 

. and that every one is brought in contact with 

this in smelling. So Herakleitos says that if all 

things,’ etc. The reference is originally to the 
conflagration of the universe [éxzvpwois]. 


88. Souls smell in Hades. 


Plutarch adds the reason: Because they retain a per- 
ception of what is fiery. 


39. Cool things become warm, the warm grows cool ; 
the wet dries, the parched becomes wet. 


40. It scatters and brings together; it approaches 
and departs. 


This follows the next fragment, as illustrating change. 


41-42. You could not step twice in the same rivers ; 
for other and yet other waters are ever flowing on. 


43. Herakleitos blamed Homer for saying: Would 
that strife might perish from among gods and men! For 
then, said he, all things would pass away. 


Aristotle assigns a different reason: For there could be 
no harmony without sharps and flats, nor living 
beings without male and female, which are con- 
traries. 


44. War is father of all and king of all; and some 
he made gods and some men, some slaves and some 
free. 

D2 


36 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


45. od Evviaci bxws Siadhepopevov EwvT@ oporoyést: 
tadivtpotos appnovin Oxworep TOEoU Kal AUpns. 

46. tro avri~ovy cupdépov. 2k Tav SvadepovTwv 
KadNiotny appoviav. tavta Kat’ Epw yivecOar. 

47. dppovin apavns davepis xpsicowv. 

48. pa) eixh) Tepl TOV wEyloToY cUpBar@peba. 

49. xpi ed para ToAraY lotopas piocodovs avdpas 
elvat. 

50. yvadéwr odds evOela Kal cKxoduy pia éorTi Kal 1) 
avn. 

51. dvou cdppar’ dv EXowTo warXov 4) ypvoor. 

52. @dracca VOwp KabapotaToy Kai puapwraTor, 
ixOvou pev ToTLmov Kal cwTHpLov, avOpwrois S2 aTOTOV 
Kal or€Opiov. 

58. Sues coeno, cohortales aves pulvere (vel cinere) 
lavari. 54. BopBop@ yaipew. 








45. Hipp. Ref. haer. ix. 9. Cf. Plato, Symp. 1874, Soph. 242n; 
Plut. de anim. procr. 27, p. 1026 s. 

MSS. éuodoyéew, corr. Miller. Cf. (Bywater 56) Plut. de trang. 
15, 473; de Is. 45, 369; Porphyr. de ant. nym. 29; Simpl. 
Phys. 11 x 50, 11. These writers give wadlyrovos; maaly- 
tporos is probably from Parmenides y. 59; Plutarch inserts 
Kéamov. 

46. Arist. Eth. Nic. viii. 2, p.1155b14. Cf. Theophr. Metaph. 15 ; 
Arist. Eth. Eud. vii. 1; 1235 a 13. These are rather summary 
phrases than quotations. 

47. Plut. de anim. procr. 27, p. 10260; Hipp. Ref. haer. ix. 9-10. 

48. Diog. Laer. ix. 73. 

49. Clem. Al. Strom. v. 14, p. 733. 

50. Hipp. Ref. haer. ix. 10. MSS. ypapéwv, corr. Duncker. The 
MSS. reading may be a participle introducing the quotation, and 
wrongly included in the excerpt, as Tannery suggests (Science hellén. 
pp. 198 ff.). 

51. Arist. Eth. Nic. x.5, p. 1176a6. Cf. Albertus M. de veget. vi. 
401 (p. 545 Mey.) BR. P. 408: ‘Boves .. . felices . . . cum inveniant 
orobum ad comendum.’ Bywater, Jowrnal Philol. 1880, p. 230. 

52. Hipp. Ref, haer. ix. 10. Cf. Sext. Emp. Pyrrh. hyp. i. 55. 

53. Columella, de R. R. viii. 4. Cf. Galen, Protrept. 13, p. 5 ed. Bas. 

54. Athen. v.178r. Cf. Clem. Al. Protrept. 10, p. 75; Sext. Emp. 
Pyrrh. hyp. i. 55; Plotin. Enn. i. 6, p. 55. 





- 


HERAKLEITOS 37 


45. Men do not understand how that which draws 
apart agrees with itself; harmony lies in the bending 
back, as for instance of the bow and of the lyre. 


V. Bernays, Rhein. Mus. vii. p. 94. Reading wadir- 
tovos from fragment 56, we obtain the meaning 
‘opposite tension’ more distinctly. 


46. Opposition unites. From what draws apart 
results the most beautiful harmony. All things take 
place by strife. 


Quoted by Aristotle as an illustration of the search for 
a deeper principle, more in accordance with nature. 


47. Hidden harmony is better than manifest. 


48. Let us not make rash conjectures about the 
greatest things. 


49. Men who desire wisdom must be learners of very 
many things. 


50. For woolcarders the straight and the crooked 
path is one and the same. 


51. Asses would rather have refuse than gold. 


52. The sea is the purest and the foulest water ; it 
is drinkable and healthful for fishes; but for men it is 
unfit to drink and hurtful. 


Quoted by Hippolytos as an example of Herakleitos’ 
identification of opposites. 


538-54. Swine like to wash in the mire; hereyerd 
fowls in the dust. 


38 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


n c \ n / 

55. wav éprretov mANYH vemeTar. 

56=45. 
> ‘ \ \ > ld 

57. aya0ov Kai Kaxov tavdrov. 

58. of tatpol réuvovtes Kaiovtes TavtTn Bacavitovtes 
Kak@s Tovs appwoTtodyvTas eraiti@vTar poder’ aévov 
pic Bov NapBavew Tapa TOV appwoTovyTar. 

59. cuvaretas oda Kal odyl odrAa, cupdEpdpevov 
Stadepopevorv, cvvaddov Siddov: 2x mavreav sv Kal 2F évos 

P at > ¢ t 
TayTa. 
60. dixns ovvoua ovK av Adecar, ei TadTa fun Fv. 
61. tr@ pév Oe@ Kara TavtTa Kai ayaba Kai Sixara 
ay ’ 
avOpwror 62 & pay Adixa breirjhacwy, & 2 Sixaca.t 

62. eidgvac yp) TOV ToAEuoV zovTa Evvdv, Kal Sixnv 

P” a ? 
Epi Kal ywoueva tavta Kat’ Epi Kal Typedpevat. 
63. gore yap ciwappéva Tavtws. .. . 





55. Arist. de mundo 6, p. 401a8 (Apuleius, de mundo 36; Stob. 
Ecl. i. 2, p. 86). From Cod. Flor. of Apuleius Goldbacher obtains the 
following (Zeit. f. d. Oester. Gymn. 1876, p. 496): Zebs &ravra evepyere? 
bu@s os ty TiVa Mépn Temaros adtod. 

56. V. 45. 

57. Arist. Top. viliv 5, p. 159b30; Phys. i. 2, p.185b20; Hipp. 
Ref. haer. ix. 10; Simpl. in Phys. 11 v. 50,11; 18 v. 82, 23. 

58. Hipp. Ref. haer. ix. 10. Cf. Xen. Mem. i. 2,54; Plato, Gorg. 
521 8, Polit. 2933; Simpl. in Hpict. 13, p. 83 p, and 27 p. 178 a. 

Vulg. wndéy, Sauppe xndéva: vulg. uicddy, Wordsworth picddv. 
Bywater objects to Bacavifovres and omits the phrases rots 
appworodyras and mapa rév appworotyTwy. 

59. Arist. de mundo 5, p. 396b12 (Apuleius, de mundo 20; Stob. 
Ecl. i. 34, p. 690). 

Stob. VA avAAde cis, Arist. Q ouvdvas, OR ouvdyes: Arist. 
P, Stob. and Apul. éAa: Zeller omits xa. 

60. Clem. Al. Strom. iv. 3, p. 568. Cf. Pseudo-Herakl. Hpist. vii. 

61. Schol. B in Ji. iv. 4, p.120 Bk. Cf. Hippokr. de diaeta i. 11 
’ RP. 37 c; Bernays, Herakl. 22. Probably a Stoic deduction from 
Herakleitos, and therefore to be omitted here. 

62. Orig. cont. Cels. vi. 42, p. 312. Cf. Plut. de soll. anim. 7, 
p- 964; Laer. Diog. ix. 8. 

Vulg. «i St, Schleierm. eidévar: vulg. épeiv, Schl. Epi. 


L63. Stob. Hcl. i. 6, p. 178. Vulg. eiuappévn, A eiuappéve. 


a 








HERAKLEITOS 39 


55. Every beast is tended by blows. 
Cf. Zeller, i. p. 724: ‘ Every creature feeds on earth.’ 


(56. Identical with 45.) 

57. Good and bad are the same. 

58. (Good and bad are one; at any rate, as Hera- 
‘kleitos says) physicians, who cut and burn and in 
every way torment the sick, complain that they do 
not receive any adequate recompense from them. 

59. Thou shouldst unite things whole and things 
not whole, that which tends to unite and that which 
tends to separate, the harmonious and the discordant ; 
from all things arises the one, and from the one all 
things. 

60. They would not have known the name of justice, 
were it not for these things. 


According to the context in Clement ‘these things’ 
refers to injustice. 


61. (God, ordering things as they ought to be, perfects 
all things in the harmony of the whole, as Herakleitos 
says that) for god all things are fair and good and 

_just, but men suppose that some are unjust and others 
just. 

Cf. Hippocr. de Diaeta (Bernays, Herakl. 22; RP 87 c) 
Accordingly the arrangements (laws) which men 
have made are never constant, either when they 
are right, or when they are not right; but the 
arrangements the gods have made are always right, 


both those which are right and those which are 
not right; so great is the difference between them. 


62. Men should know that war is general and that 
justice is strife ; all things arise and [pass away] through 
’ strife. | 

63. For they are absolutely destined. . . 


40 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


64. Odvatds zo7 oKdca eyepOévTes opedpev, OKOaa SE 
evoovTes UTrvos. 

65. v. 19. 

66. tod Biod ovvoma Bios, Epryov 52 Odvatos. 

67. Ozot Ovnroi, avOpwmrot aOdvator, CavtTes Tov 
éxsivov Oavatov tov dz éxeivev Biov TeOveaTes. 

68. wuyjor yap Odvatos tdwp yevécOar, BdaTe SE 
Odvatos yiv yevéoOar: éx ys b& bdwp yivera, 2& BdaTos 
53 Yuy7. 

69. 0d0s dvw Kato pla Kal ovTN- 

70. Evvov apyi Kal mépas. 

T1..xruyis meipata otk av 2etipovo tacay éme- 
Topevomevos ooov. 





64. Clem. Al. Strom. iii. 3, p. 520. Cf. Strom. v. 14, p. 712; Philo,. 
de Joseph. 22, p. 59. 

66. Schol. in Z/. i. 49; Cramer, A. P. iii. p. 122; Htym. Mag. under 
Bios; Tzetz. Ex. in Il. p. 101; Hust. in 71. i. 49, p. 41. Cf. Hippokr. de 
diaeta 21 otvoua tpddn, Epyor dé oix. 


67. Hipp. Ref. haer. ix.10; Herakl. Alleg. Hom. 24, p. 51; Maxim. 
Tyr. x. 4, p. 107, xli. 4, p. 489; Lucian, Vit. auct. 14; Porph. de ant. 
nymph. 10; Clem. Al. Paed. iii..1, p. 251; Philo, Leg. alleg. i. 33, p. 65, 
and Qu. in Gen. iv. 152, p. 360. Human and divine nature identical: 
Dio Cass. Frr. i—xxxv. Ch. 30, i. 40 Dind.; Stob. Hcl. i. 39, p. 768. 


Hipp. reads. a@dvarot Ovnrol, Ovnrol d&@dvaro.; Clement &vOpwmor 
Geol, Oeot &vOpwrror. 


68. Philo, de incorr. mundi 21, p. 509; Aristides Quint. ii. p. 106 
Meib.; Clem. Al. Strom. vi. 2, p. 746; Hipp. Ref. haer. v. 16; Julian, 
Or. vy. p. 165; Prokl. in Tim. p. 36c; Olympiod. in Plat. Gorg. p. 357 
Jahn; idem, p. 542. 

69. Hipp. Ref. haer. ix. 10. Cf. Plato, Phileb. 43 a; Kleomed. 7. 
perewpov i. p. 75 Bak.; Maximus Tyr. xli. 4, p. 489; Tertull. adv. Marc, 
ii. 28 Diog. Laer. ix. 8; Plotin. Hmm. iv. 8, p. 468; Iambl. Stob. Hel. 
i. 41; Hippokr. x. tpopijs 45; Philo, de incorr. mun. 21, p. 508; and de 
somn. i. 24, p. 644; and de vit. Moys. i. 6, p. 85; Muson. Stob. Flor. eviii. 
60; M. Antonin. vi. 17. 

70. Porphyr. Schol. B. Ji. xiv. 200, p. 392 Bek. Cf. Hippokr. x. 
témwy 1, w. diairns 1,19, 7. rpopis 9. Philo, Leg. all. i. 3, p. 44; Plut. 
de ET 8, p. 388. 

71. Diog. Laer. ix. 7; Tertull.de anima 2. Cf. Hipp. Ref. haer. v. 7. 


HERAKLEITOS 41 


64. All the things we see when awake are death,. 
and all the things we see when asleep are sleep. 


For various interpretations, v. Teichmiiller, i. 97 sq. ;. 
Zeller, i. 715; Patin, Hinhettslehre, 19. 


65. v. 19. 


66. The name of the bow is life, but its work is- 
death. 


A similar play on words is found in Fr. 101. 
67. Gods are mortals, men are immortals, each 
living in the others’ death and dying in the others’ life. 


Cf. Sext. Emp. Pyrrh. iii. 230, R.P. 38. 


68. For to souls it is death to become water, and for 
water it is death to become earth; but water is formed 
from earth, and from water, soul. 


Clement quotes this as borrowed from Orpheus; and 
Hippolytos also found it in the poets. 


69 Upward, downward, the way is one and the 
same. 


70. Beginning and end are common (to both ways). 


71. The limits of the soul you could not discover, 
though traversing every path. 


42 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


72. uyjor tépris bypyot yevéo Oar. 
78. avnp oKer’ av weOdaOn, aryetas Ud Tados avnBov 


ohadropevos, odk éraiwy bkn Bailver, byphnv Thy YuynD 
#Yov. 


74-76. ain uy copwtatn Kal apiotn. 


77. advOpwros, Skws av edppovn pdos, amrrTetar atro- 
oBévyvutTat. 


ex > a \ 

78. ravr’ sivar Cov Kali tePvynKos, Kail TO eypnyopos 
wal TO Kabeddov, Kai véov Kal ynpatov: Tade yap peTa- 
TeoovTa ékeiva 2oTt KaKElVa TAAL meTAaTTECOVYTA TadTA. 


79. aiwy tats éoTt wailwy meoocevwv* Tasos 1 
Bacirnin. 


72. Numen. Porphyry. de antro nymph. 10. 

73. Stob. Flor. v. 120. Cf. M. Antonin. iv. 46. 

74-76. Plutarch, Rom. 28; Aristid. Quint. ii. p. 106; Porphyr. de 
.antro nymph. 11; Synesius, de insomn. p. 140 a Petay.; Stob. Flor. v. 120; 
Glykas, Ann. i. p. 743; Eustath. Il. xxiii. 261, p. 1299, 17. 


Reading aiyh Enph vuxn (Bywater 75 and 76) ; Philo, Euseb. P. E. 
viii. 14, p. 399; and de prov. ii. 109, p. 117; Muson. Stob. 
‘Flor. xvii. 43; Plut. de esu carn. i. 6, p.995E; and de def. 
orac. 41, p. 432 r; Clem. Al. Paedag. ii. 2, p. 184; Galen, z. 
Tay Ths Wuxns 7OGv 5, i. p. 346 Bas.; Hermeias on Plato, 
Phaedr. 73; Porphyry. a&popu. mpds ra vonta 33, 78. ‘Ac 
suspicor illud aiyh irrepsisse pro ain; quod aliquis exposuerit 
illa voce énpd, unde orta est illa lectio,’ Stephan. Poes. Phil. 
p. 139. 

77. Clem. Al. Strom. iv. 22, p. 628. 


Bywater emends the text of Clement to read: &vOpwiros brws éy 
edppdvn pdos &rrerat, dcatTws amobavav iYes. (av 5t dwrerar 
TeOvedtos ehdwy, dmocBerbels Spes. eypnyopws &wrerar efdovTos, 
and compares Sext. Emp. Math. vii. 130; Seneca, Epist. 54. 


78. Plut. Consol. ad Apoll.10,p.106"; and de HI 18, p.392p. (Ber- 
nays, Rhein. Mus. vii. p. 100, thinks that more of the contents of these 
passages is drawn from Herakleitean sources.) Clem. Al. Strom. iv. 22, 
p. 628; Sext. Emp. Pyrrh. iii. 230; Tzetz. Chil. ti. 722. 

79. Hipp. Ref. haer. ix. 9. Cf. Clem. Al. Paed. i. 5, p. 111; Iambl. 
Stob. Hcl. ii. 1, p.12; Prokl. in Tim. 101 ¥; Plato, Legg. i. 644 p, x. 903; 
Philo, de vit. Moys. i. 6, p. 85; Plut. de HI 21, p. 3932; Lucian, vit. 

-auct. 14, 


HERAKLEITOS 43 


72. It is a delight to souls to become wet. 


78. Whenever a man gets drunk, he is led about by 
a beardless boy, stumbling, not knowing whither he 
goes, for his soul is wet. 


74. The dry soul is wisest and best. 


Byw. 75. A dry beam is the wisest and best soul; 
Fr. 76. Where the earth is dry, the soul is wisest and best. 


If Fr. 74 is the genuine form, the corruptions are 
very early. We cannot, however, regard all three 
forms as genuine, and it is at least doubtful whether 
Fr. 75 expresses a Herakleitean idea. 

Zeller and others add to Fr. 74 the rest of the phrase 
in Plutarch, ‘ flashing through the body as light- 
ning through the cloud.’ 


. 77. Man, like a light in the night, is kindled and 
put out. 


78. Life and death, and waking and sleeping, and 
youth and old age, are the same; for the latter change 
and are the former, and the former change back to the 
latter. 


79. Lifetime is a child playing draughts; the king- 
dom is a child’s. 


Clement understood aisy to be Zeus ; Hippolytos made 
it equivalent to aisvis, the eternal (king). 


44 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


80. 2d.Snodpnv éuewurov. 
81. motapoiot Toior avtoio. éuBativowév Te Kal ovK 
l | &uPaivoperv, cimév Te Kal ovK elmer. 

82. Kapatos gore Tots adtois woyxOeiv Kal dpyerOar. 

83. weraBadrrov avarraverat. 

84. nal 0 Kuxewv Stictatar pn KivEedpEvos. 

85. véxves xoTrpiwv éxBXnToTEpot. 

86. yevouevor Coew 202dover popous 7’ Bye [ waddov 
5: dvatavecOat,| Kai maidas Katadsirove. popovs 
ryevér Oar. 


oe 
90. tovs xabevdSovtas épydtas sivas [Kal ovvepyods | 
an > fal , a 
TOV &V TO KOTHM yivoméevan. 





80. Plut. adv. Colot. 20, p.1118c; Dio Chrys. Or. 55, p. 282; Tatian, 
Or. ad Graec.; Diog. Laer. ix. 5; Plotin. Hmm. iv. 8, p. 468; Julian, Or. 
vi. p. 185.45; Prokl. on Tim. 1068; Suidas s.v. woorotuos. Cf. Clem. 
Al. Strom. ii. 1, p. 429; Plotin. Hin. v. 9, p. 559; Hesychius édi¢nea. 

81. Herakl. Alleg. Hom. 24; Seneca, Epist. 58. Cf. Epicharm. Fr. 
B 40 Lorenz. 

82. Plotin. Hn. ix. 8, p. 468; Iambl. Stob. Hcl.i. 41, p. 906; Aeneas 
Gaz. Theophrast. p.9 Barth. Cf. Hippokr. 7. S:airns i. 15; Philo, de 
cherub. 26, p. 155. 

83. Plotin. Hnn. iv. 8, p. 468 and p. 473; Iambl. Stob. Eel. i. 41, p. 
906 and p. 894; Aeneas G. Theophrast. p. 9 and p. 11. 

84. Theophrast. 7. iAlyywv 9, p. 138 Wim.; Alexand. Aphr. Probl. 
p-11 Usen. Cf. M. Antonin. iv. 27. 


MSS. Alexander, «xvxAcdwv and torara:: Theophrast. begins the 
sentence with uy, corr. Bernays. 


85. Strabo, xvi. 26, p. 784; Plutarch, Qu. conv. iv. 4, p. 669.4; Pollux, 
Onom. v. 163; Origen, c. Cels. v. 14, p. 247 (quoting Celsus, v. 24, 
p- 253); Julian, Or. vii. p. 226c. Cf. Philo, de profug. ii. p. 555; 
Plotin. Hnn. v. 1, p. 483; Schol. V. ad Il. xxiv. 54 (=Eustath. ad 1. 
p. 1338, 47); Epictet. Diss. ii. 4, 5. 

86. Clem. Al. Strom. iii. 3, p. 516. Mullach assigns the bracketed 
words to Clement. 

87-89. Plut. de orac. def. 11, p. 4158, and cf. Plac. phil. 24, p. 909 ; 
Censorin. de D. N. 17; Io. Lydus, de mensibus iii. 10, p. 37, ed. Bonn 
(Crameri A. P. i. p. 324); cf. Philo, Qu. in gen. ii. 5, p. 82. These 
passages do not yield any definite fragment of Herakleitos.: 

90. M. Antonin. vi. 42. Pfleiderer rejects xal cvvepyods. 


HERAKLEITOS 45 


80. I inquired of myself. 


The translation follows the sense in Diogenes; in 
Plutarch it is parallel with the Delphic oracle, 
‘I have sought to know myself.’ 


81. In the same rivers we step and we do not step; 
we are and we are not. 


Cf. Fr. 41. 


82. It is weariness to toil at the same things, and to 
be subject to them. 


83. Changing it finds rest. 


84. Even a potion separates into its ingredients 
when it is not stirred. 


85. Corpses are more fit to be thrown away than 
dung. 


86. Being born they wish to live and to meet death, 
[or rather to find rest,] and they leave behind children 
. to die. 


87. Thirty years make a generation, according to Hera- 
kleitos. 88. Not without reason does Herakleitos call a 
month a generation. 89. A man may become a grandfather 
in thirty years. 


90. The sleeping are workmen (and fellow-workers) 
in what happens in the world. 


| 


46 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


91. Evvdv éore Tact TO hpovéew. Edy vow AéyovTas- 
loxuplfecOar ypn TO Evve TavTwv, bkwoTrEp VOu@ TOALS 
Kai woAv ioxyupoTépws. Tpépovtar yap mavTes of 
avOp@meot vomot wbmo svos ToD Oeiov: Kpatéer yap 
tocovTov oxdcov 20érar kal ebapKéss maou Kal crepi- 
ylveTal. 


92. tod Aoyou & gzovtos Evv0d, Soover of moAXol ws 


PANE ” / 
ioinv 2yovtes hoovncw. 
x $e 


93. 6 pdadiota Sinvexéws opidgovor, TovT@ Sivadé- 


povTat. 


AN 94. ob Set Gorep Kabevdovtas roveiv Kal Neyer. 


95. trois éypnyopoow Eva Kal Kowdv Kocpov eivat, 
~ X\ f / ee > ” > / 

Tov 83 Kolwopévov Exactov sis Svov atootpédec Oar. 

96. 700s avOpemevov piv odK Fyer yvapas, Osiov 83 
Bye. ° 

97. avnp vis HKovee Tpos Saipovos bkwamrep Tais 
mpos avopos. 

100. pdyecOar ypn Tov Shpov vrép Tod vopmov bKws 
bmrép Telyeos. 





91. Stob. Flor. iii. 84. Cf. Kleanth. H. Zeus 24; Hippokr. 7. rpopjjs 
15; Plut. de Isid. 45, p. 369 a; Plotin. Hn. vi. 5, p. 668 ; Empedokles, 
v. 231 Stn. 

92. Sext. Emp. Math. vii. 133, where the quotation is apparently 
longer. Burnett, 140, n. 35, acutely suggests ppovéew for Adyov. 

93. M. Antonin. iv. 46. 

94. M. Antonin. iv. 46. 

95. Plut. de superst. 3, p. 166c. Cf. Hippolyt. Ref. haer. vi. 26; 
Tambl. Protrept. 21, p. 132 Arcer. The form is Plutarch’s. 

96. Origen, c. Cels. vi. 12, p. 291. 

97, Origen, c. Cels. vi. 12, p. 291. Cf. M. Antonin. iv. 46 Bern, 


dahuoves BE. Petersen, Hermes, 1879, xiv. 304. 


98. Plato, Hipp. Maj. 289 8. Cf. M. Antonin. iv. 16. 

99. Ibid, 2894. The words of Herakleitos cannot be restored. Cf- 
Plotin. Ennead. vi. p. 626; Arist. Top. iii. 2, 117 b 118. 

100. Diog. Laer. ix. 2. 


HERAKLEITOS 47 


91. Understanding is common to all. It is neces- 
sary for those who speak with intelligence to hold fast 
to the common element of all, as a city holds fast to 
law, and much more strongly. For all human laws 
are nourished by one which is divine, and it has 
power so much as it will; and it suffices for all things 
and more than suffices. 


92. And though reason is common, most people live: 
as though they had an understanding peculiar to them- 
selves. 


93. With what they most constantly associate, with 
this they are at variance. 


94. It is not meet to act and speak like men asleep. 


Cf. Fr. 2 and 90. 


95. They that are awake have one world in common, 
but of the sleeping each turns aside into a world of his 
own. 


96. For human nature has not wisdom, but divine 
nature has. 


97. Man is called . baby by god, even as a child is. 
by man. 


The translation is Burnett’s, following the suggestion 
of Petersen in Hermes xiv. 1879, p. 304. 


Fr. 98. And does not Herakleitos, whom you bring 
forward, say this very thing, that the wisest of men will ap- 
pear as an ape before God, both in wisdom and in beauty 
and in all other respects? Fr. 99. You are ignorant, sir, 
of that fine saying of Herakleitos, that the most beautiful 
of apes is ugly in comparison with beings of another kind, 
and the most beautiful of earthen pots is ugly in compari- 
son with maidenkind, as Hippias the wise man says. 


100. The people ought to fight for their law as for 
a wall. 


A8 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 
101. popor péfoves wéfovas polpas Nayydvovet. 
102. apyipadtovs Geol Tysdot Kal avOpwrrot. 
103. bBpw xp) oBevvdew 7 tupKauyv. 


‘ 
104. avOp@rrover yiver Oat oKoca Oérovor ovK dpetvor. 
a e / b] / egy \ > 4 \ / 
vodoos wyicvav étroince Hdd Kal ayabdv, Amos KOpoV, 
KGpaTos avaTavowy. 


105. Oupe payecOar yarerrov' 6 Te yap av ypnitn 
yiver Oat, uyfs w@véetat. 


106. favOpwroic. Taou pétEecTL yuyv@oKew éavTovs 
Kal cwdpoveirt. 
Se eiael 


107. towdpoveiy apetn peylorn: Kai codpin adnbéa 
Adyew Kal joey KaTa hvowv erraiovtast. 


108-109. auabinv dywewov xpitrew: epyov Sé épv 


PT \ >? 
avéecet Kal Tap’ oivoy. 


110. vouos cat BovrAn meiOecOar évos. 





101. Clem. Al. Strom. iv. 7, p. 586; Theodor. Ther. viii. p. 117, 33. 
Of: Hipp. Ref. haer. 8. Theodor. reads pévor. 

102. Clem: Al. Strom. iv. 4, p.571; Theodor. Ther. viii. p.117, 33. 

103. Diog! Laer. ix. 2. M Cobet cBevviva, L oBevviny. 

104. Stob. Flor. iii. 83, 4. Cf. edapéornois, Clem. Al. Strom. ii. 
21, p. 497; Theodor. Ther. xi. p. 152, 25. 

105. Arist. Hth. Nik. ii. 2, p.1105a8; and Eth. Eud. ii. 7, p. 1223 b 
22; and Pol. v. 11, p. 1315 a 29; Plut. de cohib. iva 9, p. 457D; and 
Erot. 11, p. 755; Iambl. Protrep. p. 140 Arc.; and Coriol. 22. 

.106. Stob. Flor. v. 119. Neither this nor the following fragment can 
be regarded as genuine. 

107. Stob. Flor, iii. 84. 

‘ 108. Piut. qu. conv. iii. prooem. p. 644 r; and de audien. 12, p. 43; 
and '‘virt. doc. posse 2, p. 4839; Stob. Flor. xviii. 32. 

109. Stob. Flor. iii. 82 kptwrew Guabiny Kpéocor 4 és Td wevov pépery. 
A variation of 108. 

110. Clem. Al. Strom. v. 14, p. 718 (Euseb. P. Z. xiii. 13, p. 681). 


Euseb. Bovaf, Clem. Bovay. ai is suspicious. 





HERAKLEITOS 49 


101. Greater deaths gain greater portions. 
102. Gods and men honour those slain in battle. 


103. Wantonness must be quenched more than a 
conflagration. 


104. Jt is not good for men to have whatever they 
want. Disease makes health sweet and good; hunger, 
satiety ; toil, rest. 


105. It is hard to contend with passion ; for what- 
ever it desires to get it buys at the cost of soul. 


106. It is the part of all men to know themselves and 
to be temperate. 107. To be temperate is the greatest 
virtue; and it is wisdom to speak the truth and to act 
according to nature with understanding. : 


108. It is better to conceal stupidity, but it is an 
effort in time of relaxation and over the wine. 


109. It is better to conceal ignorance than to put 
it forth into the midst. 


110.. It is law to obey the counsel of one. 


50 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


111. ris yap adtav voos 7} dpynv; [Oyjpwv] dodotcr 
ee ca \ / U ¢ > 3907 a 
&rovrar Kal SidacKkdrAw yYpswvTal opmir, ovK EiddTEs OTL 
ToAXol Kakol, ddlyo. 5 Uyabol. aipsdyvTar yap ev avTia 
mTavTov of apiaTot, Kéos aésvaov OvnTav, oi 5& TodXdol 
KeKopnvTat OKwoTEpP KTNVEA. 

112. év IIpujvn Blas éyévero 0 Tevtdpew of Tréwv 
Aoyos 7) TOV ddAXNov. 

ats 2 tee 94 ” > 
118. eis gwol puptol, Eav aptoTots 7. 
114. d&ov "Edecious i Bnd0v amdyEacbar tract Kal 
a b] / \ / la) A ¢ / 
Tots avnBows THY TOAW KaTaXwTEtY, oiTwes ‘“Epuddwpov 
” € a >? / s¢/ / e / \ 
avopa éswuTav ovnictoy e&éPadov, pavtes: ijuewv pwndé 
els ovntotos toto, ci OF M7, GARD OF Kal pet’ GAXOV. 
7 \ 4 a x \ , 

115. kives cat Bavfouvcr ov dy wn ywwocKkw>o.. 

116. amictin Stadvyydver wy) ywwdoKec Oar. 

117. BrAaE avOpwros ert tavtTi A0ywo éerrohabar 
piréet. 

118. doxedovtav 6 SoKximwotatos ywooKe purddooe.y 
Kab pévTor Kal Sikn KaTadyyeTat Wevdemv TéxTOVas Kal 
paptupas. 





111. Clem. Al. Strom. v. 9, p. 682; and iv. 7, p. 586; Prokl. on Alkib. 
p. 255 Creuz, ii. 525 Cous. Clement omits first clause; Proklos ends 
with ayabol. 
Some MSS. omit airév; Prokl. aidots jmidwv re kad didacKdrw 
xperav Te dutd@ ove. Clem. Kal vduoror xpéerOar Suirdw ecidéras. 
MSS. p. 682 évayria. Restored by Bernays, Heraclit. i. 
p. 34. 


112. Diog. Laer. i. 88. 

113. Galen, 7. diayvdoews opvyuay I.1. iii. p.53 ed. Bas.; Symmachus, 
fipist. ix. 115 (105 Paris 1604); Theod. Prod. in Lazerii Misc. i. p. 20; 
and Tetrastich. in Basil. i. (fol. « 2 vers. ed. Bas.) ; Diog. Laer. ix. 16 ; 
Cicero, ad Att. xvi. 11; Cf. Seneca, Ep. 7. 

114. Strabo, xiv. 25, p. 642; Cicero, Tusc. v. 105; Muson., Stob. 
Flor. xl. 9; Laer. Diog. ix. 2; Iambl. de vita Pyth. 30, p. 154 Are. Cf. 
Lucian vit. auct. 14. 

115. Plut. An seni sit ger. resp. vii. p. 787. 

116. Plut.’ Coriol. 38; Clem. Al. Strom. v. 13, p. 699. Clem. amorin. 

117. Plutarch, de audiendo 7, p. 41a; de aud. poet., p. 28. 

118. Clem. Al. Strom. v.1, p. 649. Bergk pAvdooew, Bernays By- 
water mAdooev. 


HERAKLEITOS 51 


111. For what sense or understanding have they ? 
They follow the bards and employ the crowd as their 
teacher, not knowing that many are bad and few good. 
For the very best choose one thing before all others, 
immortal glory among mortals, while the masses eat 
their fill like cattle. 


112. In Priene was born Bias son of Teutamas, who 
is of more account than the rest. 


Diogenes adds the apothegm ‘ most men are bad.’ 


113. To me one man is ten thousand if he be the 
best. 


114. The Ephesians deserve to be hanged, every one 
that is a man grown, and the youth to abandon the city, 
for they cast out Hermodoros the best man among them, 
saying :—Let no one among us be best, and if one be 
best, let him be so elsewhere and among others. 


115. Dogs also bark at those they do not know. 


116. As the result of incredulity (divine things) miss 
being known. 


Hither because men are incredulous, or the things in- 
eredible. Cf. Zeller, Phil. Gr. i.‘ 5744 2. Gomperz 
combined this with fragment 10. 


117. The fool is wont to be in a flutter at every word. 


118. The most esteemed of those in estimation knows 
how to be on his guard; yet truly justice shall overtake 
forgers of lies and witnesses to them. 


If the reference is to Homer, read wAdsvew, ‘ knows 
how to create myths.’ 


E 2 


52 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


119. rov”Opnpov d&tov 2x Tav ayovev éxBdrrEc Oat 
kal patriferOar, cat “Apyiroyor opoias. 

121. 700s avOpar@ Saipov. 

122. dvOpdtrovs péver TéedevTHCavTas dooa ovK 
EtrovTat ovbe Soxéouct. 

123. 2vO0a tSedvtit eérravictacOar Kai pirdaxas yive- 
Oat eyepti EdvTwv Kal vexpov. 

124. vuxrerroror, payot, Bayo, Mivat, pvoTat. 

125. ta yap vowiSoweva Kat’ avOperovs pvaotnpia 
aviepwotl puedvTal. 

126 = 180b. 

127. ei pn yap Avoviow toymhiy éeroebyto Kal 
bpveov dopa aidoloict, avaidéotata cipyacr’ dv: wuTos 
62 ”Avdns cat Aiovucos, 6Tew paivovtat Kal Anvaifovet. 





119. Diog. Laer. ix. 1. Schleiermacher attributes to H. on the basis 
of Schol. Ven. A. on Iliad xviii. 251 Eustath. 1142, 5; Bywater suggests 
Herakleides and compares Eust. p. 705, 60, and Achilles Tat. Isag. p. 
124 B Petav. 

120. Seneca, Hp. 12‘Unus dies par omniest.’ The Greek cannot 
be restored from Plutarch, Camill. 19 pdow tucpas araons wlay otcar. 

121. Plutarch, Qu. Plat.i. 2, 9992; Alex. Aphrod. de fato 6, p. 16 (de 
anima ii. 48, p. 150); Stob. Flor. civ. 23. Cf. Pseudo-Herakl. Hp. 9. 

122. Clem. Al. Strom. iv. 22, p. 630; Protrept. 2, p. 18 (Euseb. P. E, 
ii. 3, p. 66); Theodoret. Ther. viii. p. 118, 1. Cf. Themist. (Plut.) in 
Stob. Flor. cxx. 28. 

123. Hippolyt. Ref. haer. ix. 10; the fragment is quoted to show that 
Herakleitos believes in the resurrection of the flesh, and recognises that 
god is the cause of this resurrection. Cf. Clem. Al. Strom. v. 1, p. 649. 


Sauppe suggests €v@a Gedy Set . . . pvAaka, Bernays évOade edvras: 
MSS. éyepri(évrwy, corr. Bernays. Schuster suggests Saluwr 
€0éAex EvOade edyti emicracba Kal puvdakds kK. T. A. 


124. Clem. Al. Protrept. 2, p. 18 (Euseb. P. H.ii. 3, p. 66). 

125. Clem. Al. Protrept. 2. p.19 (Huseb. P.H. ii. p. 67). Bywater 
compares Arnobius adv. nat. v. 29. 

126. (v. 130.) 

127. Clem. Al. Protrept. 2, p. 30. MSS. éso.itvro, corr. Lobeck: 
MSS. efpyaorat, corr. Schleierm. Clem. Al. drew, Plutarch, de Isid. 28, 
p. 3624 dre ody . . . Anpalvovow. 

128. Iamblich. de Myst. v.15. The Greek text cannot be restored. 





HERAKLEITOS 53 


119. (He used to say that) Homer deserved to be cast 
out of the lists and flogged, and Archilochos likewise. 


120. One day is equal to every other. 


121. Character is a man’s guardian divinity. 


122. There awaits men at death what they do not 
expect or think. 


123. Then [it is necessary] that God raise them up, 
and that they become guardians of the livirg and the 
dead. 


Or adopting Sauppe’s conjectures in full ‘thathe become 
a watchful guardian. . .’ 


124. Night-walkers, wizards, bacchanals, revellers, 
sharers in the mysteries. 


125. For what are esteemed mysteries among men 
they celebrate in an unholy way. 


127. For if it were not to Dionysos that they made 
the procession and sang the song with phallic symbols, 
their deeds would indeed be most shameful ; but Hades 
and Dionysos are the same, to whomever they go mad 
and share the revel. 


128. I distinguish two kinds of sacrifices; those of men 
altogether purified, which would occur rarely, as Hera- 
kleitos says, in the case of a single individual, or of some 
very few men easily counted; secondly, those that are 
material and corporeal and composite through change, such 
as are in harmony with those who are still restrained by the 
body. 


54 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


129. dea. 


130. KaOaipovta: dS? aipate prawopevor OoTep ay Ei 
Tus és mndov éuBas mynr@ atrovitoto. palverOar & adv 
Soxoin, et tis adtov avOpdrav éemidpdcaito oitw 
TWouovTa. Kal Tols ayddwact TovTéoic. sevYoVTAL, 
oxotov si tis Tois Sdpoict NecynvetolTo, ov TL ywdoKwV 
Oeovs ovd Hpwas oitwés ice. 

130a. ei Ooi siot, va ti Opnvéete adtovs; «i 83 
Opnvéete adTovs, unkéte ToUTOUS HrygeaOe Ozovs. 


Spurious FRAGMENTs. 


131. wdvra uyar sivas cal Sacpovwv rijpn. 


/ y £ \ ‘ - \ \ A 
132. tHv Te oinow lepav voooy EXeye Kal THY Opacty 


wWwevdecOar. 


183. éycadurréos Exactos 6 pataiws év d0&n yevd- 
MeEVoS. 


\ 





129. Iamblich. de Myst. i. 11. 

130. Greg. Naz. Or. xxv. (xxiii.) 15, p. 466, ed. Par. 1778 mnag@ wnddy 
Kabapdvrwy, Elias Cretensis on the Gregory passage (cod. Vat. Pii II. 6, 
fol. 90 r) gives first thirteen words (Byw. 130). Cf. Apollonius, Hp. 27. 
Byw. 126, the last sentence, from Origen, c. Cels. i. 5, p. 6 (quoting Cel- 
sus); and in part vii. 62, p. 384, Clem. Al. Prot. 4, p. 44. The whole 
passage, lacking the last eight words, is published by Neumann, Hermes 
xy. 1880, p. 605 (cf. also xvi. 159), from fol. 83a of a MS. entitled 
Xpnopol Geev (containing also works ascribed to Justin Martyr) formerly 
in the Strassburg library. 

This same MS. gives the following fragment, the last clauses of 
which Neumann joins to the passage as given in the text: damdver 
aydApacw etxovtat obk akotvovow, Somep akovorev, ovK arodiSovow, Somwep 
ovK Gmattotey. 

130a. Given by Neumann from the Strassburg. MS. just referred to- 
The saying is attributed to Xenophanes by Aristotle, Rhet. 23; 1400 b 5 
and Plutarch, v. wfra, p. 78. 

131. Diog. Laer. ix. 7. 

132. Diog. Laer. ix. 7. Cf. Floril. Monac. 195, p. 282. 

133. Apollonius, Hp. 18. 





HERAKLEITOS 55 


129. (Herakleitos fittingly called religious rites) cwres 
(for the soul). 


130. They purify themselves by defiling themselves 
with blood, as if one who had stepped into the mud were 
to wash it off with mud. If any one of men should 
observe him doing so, he would think he was insane. 
And to these images they pray, just as if one were to 
converse with men’s houses, for they know not what gods 
and heroes are. 


180a. If they are gods, why do ye lament them ? And 
if ye lament them, no longer consider them gods. 


The fragment in the critical notes reads: ‘ To images 
of gods they pray, to those who do not hear, as 
though they might hear; to those who do not 
answer, as though they might not make request.’ 


131. All things are full of souls and of divine spirits. 


132. He was wont to say that false opinion is a sacred 
disease, and that vision is deceitful. 


133. Each one who has come to be esteemed without 
due grounds, ought to hide his face. 


56 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


184. oinois tpeKxoTrijs éyxotn TpoKoTHs. 


135. tHv waidslav Etrepov HALov eivat Tols memadev- 
pévows. 


136. 4 evKaipos ydpis Niyu@ Kaldtep Tpodr apmor- 
Tovea THY THs Wuxis evdecav iarau. 


137. cuvtopwtarny oddv 6 adtos zreyev eis evdokiav 
TO yevéoOat ayabor. 


134. Floril. Monac. 199, p. 283. Cf. Philo, ap. Ioan. Dam. S. P. 
693 5, fr. p. 652 Mang. Stob. Flor. iv. 88 credits it to Bion; Maxim. 
Conf. Serm. 34, p. 624 Combef. 


135. Floril. Monac. 200, p. 283. 

136. Maximus Conf. Serm. 8, p. 557. 

137. Maximus Conf. Serm. 46, p. 646. 

138. Schol. ad Eurip. Hek. 134, i. p. 254 Dind. 


TRANSLATION. 


184. False opinion of progress is the stoppage of 
progress. 


135. Their education is a second sun to those that 
have been educated. 


136. As food is timely in famine, so opportune 
favour heals the need of the soul. 


187. The same one was wont to say that the shortest 
way to glory was to become good. ; 


1388 Timaios wrote thus: So Pythagoras does not 
appear to have discovered the true art of words, nor yet 
‘the one accused by Herakleitos, but Herakleitos himself is 
the one who is the pretender. 





HERAKLEITOS 57 


PassaGEs IN Puato AND ARISTOTLE REFERRING TO 
HERAKLEITOS. 


Plato, Theeet. 160 p. Homer, and Herakleitos, and 
the whole company which say that all things are in 
motion and in a state of flux. Cf. 152 pu. 

Kratylos, 401p. According to Herakleitos all things 
are in motion and nothing abides. Cf. 4024, and frag. 
41; also 412 pn, 440c. 

Plato also alludes to fragments 32, 45, 98-99. 

Aristotle: Topica i. 11, 104 f 21. All things are in 
motion, according to Herakleitos. . 

Top. vill. 5; 155 £30. Wherefore those that hold 
different opinions, as that good and bad are the same 
thing, as Herakleitos says, do not grant that the opposite 
cannot coexist with itself; not as though they did not 
think this to be the case, but because as followers of 
Herakleitos they are obliged to speak as they do. 

Phys.i.2; 185b19. But still, if in the argument all 
things that exist are one, as a cloak or a himation, it 
turns out that they are stating the position of Herakleitos ; 
for the same thing will apply to good and bad, and to 
good and not-good, so that good and not-good, and man 
and horse, will be the same; and they will not be argu- 
ing that all things are one, but that they are nothing, 
and that the same thing applies to such and to so much. 

Phys. iii. 5; 205438. As Herakleitos says that all 
things sometime become fire. 

De celo i. 10; 279b16. And others in their turn 
say that sometimes combination is taking place, and at 
other times destruction, and that this will always con- 
tinue, as Empedokles of Agrigentum, and Herakleitos of 
Ephesos. 

De anima i. 2; 405a25. And Herakleitos also 
says that the first principle is soul, as it were a 


58 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


fiery exhalation, of which all other things consist ; 
for it is the least corporeal and always in a state of 
flux, and the moving is known by the moving; and he 
agreed with most thinkers in holding that things are in 
motion. 

De part anim. i. 5; 645a17. And as Herakleitos is 
reported to have said to strangers who wanted to meet 
him, who stopped when they entered and saw him 
getting warm by an oven—for he bade them enter boldly, 
since, said he, gods are here—so should one enter upon 
the investigation of each of the animals without timidity, 
as there is in them all something natural and beautiful. 

Met. i. 3; 984a7. Hippasos of Metapontum’ and 
Herakleitos of Ephesos call fire the first cause. Cf. 
996 a9, 1001 a 15. 

Met. iii. 3; 1005b 24. For it is impossible for any 

‘sone to postulate that the same thing is and is not, as 
.~ some think Herakleitos says. 

Met. iii. 5; 1010a13. V. Frag. 41-42, supra. 

Met. iii. 7; 1012a 24. For the word of Herakleitos, 
that all things are and are not, séems to make all things 
true. 

Met. x.5; 1062a32. For one might ask Herakleitos 
himself after this manner and speedily compel him to 
agree that it is never possible for opposite statements to 
be true about the same things. Cf. 1063 b 24. 

Met. xii. 4; 1078 b 12. For the doctrine of ideas is 
held by its supporters because they are convinced by 
Herakleitos’s words in regard to the truth, viz., that all 
things perceived by the senses are always in a state 
of flux; so that if there is to be a science and a know- 
ledge of anything, it is necessary to assume the existence 
of other objects in nature besides those that are perceived 
by sense, for there can be no science of things in a state 
of flux. é: 


HERAKLEITOS 59 


Eth. iti. 3; 1105a8. It is harder to fight against 
pleasure than against anger, as Herakleitos says. 

Eth. vii. 3; 1146 b 30. For some believe their 
opinions no lessstrongly than what they know by 8cientific 
procedure ; and Herakleitos is an example of this. 

Eth. viii. 2; 1155b4. And Herakleitos says that 
opposition unites, and that the most beautiful harmony 
results from opposites, and that all things come into 
being through strife. 

Eth. x. 5; 1176a6. As Herakleitos says, an ass 
would prefer refuse to gold, for natural food is sweeter 
to asses than gold. 


Sext. Emp. adv. Math. vii.129. According to Hera- 
kleitos we become intelligent when we get this 
divine reason by breathing it in, and in sleep we 
are forgetful, but on waking we gain our senses 
again. For in sleep since the pores of the senses are 
closed, the mind in us is separated from what is 
akin to it in what surrounds us, and its connection 
through pores is only preserved like a sort of 
root ; and being cut off it loses its former power of 
memory; but when we wake it peeps out through 
the pores of sense as through little doors, and 
entering into connection with what surrounds us it 
regains the power of reason. 


PASSAGES REFERRING TO HERAKLEITOS IN THE 
* DoxoGRAPHISTSs.’ 


Ar. Did. Epit. 39, 2; Dox. 471. Zeno as well as 
Herakleitos says that the soul is a perceptive exhalation. 
The latter desiring to make it clear that souls always 
gain mental faculties by giving forth exhalations, likened 
them to rivers; and these are his words: (Fr. 42) ‘ Other 
and yet other waters are flowing on upon those who step 
in the same rivers.’ 

Sim. in Phys. 6r; Dox. 475. (Theophrastos says) 


60 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


Hippasos of Metapontum and Herakleitos of Ephesos 
teach that the one is moved and limited, but they make 
fire the first principle and derive all things from fire by 
condensation and rarefaction, and again they resolve 
them into fire since this one thing is the essential 
nature underlying their appearance; for Herakleitos 
says that all things are transformations of fire [7rupos 
apor8nv|, and he finds a certain order and definite time 
in the changes of the universe according to a fated 
[ e(wappevnv | necessity. 

Theoph. de Sens. 1; Dox. 499. The followers of 
Anaxagoras and Herakleitos say that men perceive by 
the presence in themselves of the opposite quality. 

Phil. de Piet. 14, 25; Dox. 548. (Chrysippos) in 
his third book says that the universe is one of the beings 
endowed with sense, fellow-citizen with men and gods, 
and that strife and Zeus are the same thing, as Hera- 
_ kleitos says. 

Hipp. Phil. 44; Dox. 558. Herakleitos the Ephesian, 
a philosopher of the physical school, was always lament- 
ing, charging all men with ignorance of the whole of life, 
but still he pitied the life of mortals. For he would say 
that he himself knew all things, but that other men knew 
nothing. His language agrees quite well with that of 
Empedokles when he says that strife and love are the 
first principles of all things, and that god is intelligent 
fire, and that all things enter into a common motion 
and do not stand still. And as Empedokles said that 
the whole region occupied by man is full of evils, and 
that the evils extend from the region about the earth as 
far as the moon but do not go farther, inasmuch as all 
the region beyond the moon is purer, so also it seemed to 
Herakleitos. 

Kpi. adv. Haer. iti. 20; Dox. 591. Herakleitos the 
Ephesian, son of Bleson, said that fire is the source of 


HERAKLEITOS 61 


all things, and that all things are resolved into fire 
again. : 

Galen, His. Phil. 62; Dox. 626. Herakleitos says. 
that the sun is a burning mass, kindled at its rising, 
and quenched at its setting. 

Herm. I.G.P. 18; Dox. 654. Perhaps I might 
yield to the arguments of noble Demokritos and want 
to laugh with him, unless Herakleitos led me to the 
opposite view as he said weeping: Fire is the first 
principle of all things, and it is subject to rarefaction 
and condensation, the one active, the other passive, the 
one synthetic, the other analytic. Enough for me, for I 
am already steeped in such first principles. 

Aet. i.3; Dox. 283. Herakleitos and Hippasos say 
that the first principle of all things is fire; for they say 
that all things arise from fire and they all end by 
becoming fire. As this is quenched all things come 
into the order of the universe; for first the dense part 
of it contracting into itself becomes earth, then the 
earth becoming relaxed by fire is rendered water in its 
nature, then it is sublimated and becomes air ; and again 
the universe and all bodies are consumed by fire in the 
conflagration. [Fire then is the first principle because 
all things arise from this, and the final principle because 
all things are resolved into this. | 

Aet. i. 5 ;. Dox. 292. Hippasos of Metapontum and 
Herakleitos the Ephesian say that the all is one, ever 
moving and limited, and that fire is its first principle. 

Aet. i. 7; Dox. 303. MHerakleitos says that the 
periodic fire is eternal, and that destined reason working 
through opposition is the creator [dnysoupyor] of things. 

Aet. i. 9; Dox. 307. H. et al. declare that matter 
is subject to change, variation, and transformation, and 
that it flows the whole through the whole. 

Aet. i. 13; Dox. 312. H. introduces certain very 


G 
62 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


small and indivisible particles (or H. seems to some to 
leave particles, instead of the unity). 

Aet. i. 23; Dox. 320. H. denies rest and fixed 
position to the whole; for this is the attribute of dead 
bodies; but he assigns eternal motion to what is eternal, 
perishable motion to what is perishable. 

Aet.i. 27; Dow. 322. H.says that all things happen 
according to fate and that fate itself is necessity. Indeed 

he writes ‘ For it is absolutely destined.’ (Frag. 63.) 
3 Aet.i. 23; Dow. 323. H. declares that reason, pervad- 
ing the essence of the all, is the essence of fate. And 
it is itself ethereal matter, seed of the generation of the 
all, and measure of the allotted period. 

Aet. ii. 1; Dox. 827, Herakleitos etal. The universe 
isone. 4; Dox. 331. The universe is generated not 
according to time, but according to thought. 11; Doz. 
340; H. et al. The heaven is of a fiery nature. 
18; Dox. 342. H. and Parmenides. The stars are 
compressed bits of fire. 17; Dox.346. H. and Parm. 
The stars are nurtured by an exhalation from the earth. 
20; Dox. 351. H. and Hekataios. The sun is an 
intelligent burning mass rising out of the sea. (The 
same words are assigned to Stoics, Plut. 2, 890 a; Doz. 
349.) 21; Dox. 851. It is as great ‘as the width of a 
human foot.’ 22; Dox. 352. It is bowl-shaped, rather 
gibbous. 24; Dox.354. An eclipse takes place by the turn- 
ing of the bowl-shaped body so that the concave side is 
upward,and the convex side downward toward our vision. 
[25 ; Dox. 356. The earth is surrounded with mist.] 27 ; 
Dox. 358. (The moon) is bowl-shaped.! 28; Doz. 859. 
Sun and moon are subject to the same influences. For 
these heavenly bodies being bowl-shaped, receive bright 
rays from the moist exhalation, and give light in 
appearance [mpdos thnv davtaciav|; the sun more 

' Cf. Galen. Hist. Phil. 64; Dox. 626. 





HERAKLEITOS  - 63 


brightly, for it moves in purer ether [ap], and the moon 
moves in thicker «ther and so it shines more dimly. 
29; Dow. 859. Eclipses of the moon are occasioned by 
the turning of the bowl-shaped body. 82; Dox. 364. 
The great year consists of eighteen thousand sun-years. 
According to Diogenes and Herakleitos the year consists 
of three hundred and sixty-five days. 

Aet. iii. 3; Dox. 369. Thunder is occasioned by 
a gathering of winds and clouds, and the impact of 
gusts of wind on the clouds; and lightning by a 
kindling of the exhalations; and fiery whirlwinds 
[wpnothpas| by a burning and a quenching of the clouds. 

Aet. iv. 8; Dox. 338. Parmenides and Hippasos 
and Herakleitos call the soul a fiery substance. 7; Doz. 
392. H. says that souls set free from the body go 
into the soul of the all, inasmuch as it is akin to them 
in nature and essence. 

Aet. v.23; Dox. 484. Herakleitos and the Stoics say 
that men come to maturity at about fourteen years, with 
the beginning of sexual life ; for trees come to maturity 
when they begin to bear fruit. . . And at about the age 
of fourteen men gain understanding of good and evil, 
and of instruction as to these matters. 





Te 
ae 
aa 
ae 








THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: XENOPHANES 65 


V. 
THE FLEATIC SCHOOL: XENOPHANES. 


XenopHanes of Kolophon, son of Dexias (Apollodoros 
says of Orthomenes), was the founder of the Eleatic 
School. After a careful review of the evidence, Zeller 
(Vorsokr. Phil. pp. 521-522) concludes that he was born 
about 580 B.c. ; it is agreed by all writers that he lived 
toa great age. The stories of his travels and adven- 
tures are very numerous. He speaks of the war between 
the Ionic colonies and the Persians as beginning in his 
youth. According to Diogenes he sang the founding of 
Elea in 2,000 hexameter verses. The reference to him by 
Herakleitos (Fr. 16) indicates the general respect for his 
philosophy. He composed poetry of all varieties, and is 
said to have recited his own poems. His philosophic 
views were embodied in a poem which was early lost, and 
to which later ages gave the name ‘ rept dicews.’ 


Literature: Brandis, Comm. Eleat. 1813; Cousin, 
Nowv. frag. phil. 1828, pp. 9-45; Karsten, Phil. 
Graec. vet. relig. i. 1, 1830; Bergk, Poet. Lyr. 
Graec. ii.; F. Kern, Quaestionum Xenophanearum 
cap. duo, Naumb. 1864; Beitrdge, Danzig 1871; 
Ueber Xenophanes, Stettin 1874 ; Freudenthal, Die 
Theologie des Xenophanes, 1886; and Archiv f. d. 
Gesch. d. Phil. i. 1888, p. 322 sqq.; Thill, Xéno- 
phane de Colophon, Luxemb. 1890. 

On the book De Xen. Zen. Gorg. Aristotelis, v. Fiille- 
born, Halle 1789; Bergk, 1843; Mullach, 1845 ; 
Ueberweg, Philol. viii. "1858, p. 104 sqq.; xxvi. 
1868, p. 709 sqq.; Vermehren, 1861; F. Kern, 
Symbola crit. ad libellum xz. Zevod. ete. Oldenb. 
1867; Diels’ Doxogr. pp. 109-113; Zeller, Ge- 
schichte d. Phil. d. Griechen, i. 499-521. 


F 


66 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


(a) Fracments or XENOPHANES.* 


1 els Oeds év Te Ozoicr Kal avOpeTroict péyLoTos, 
ovte Séuas Ovntoicww opoitos ovTE vonma. 


2 ovddos Opa, odAos SE vost, odNOS 5é 7’ AKovet. 
3 GAN amdvevde tovoto voov ppevi TavTa Kpadaives. 
4 aiel & év radTo pluver Kivovpevor ovdér, 

ovde petépyerOal pv érimpérrer GNAOTE GAND. 


5 anda Bporol Soxgover yevvacbar Oeods, 
Thy opetépav © éoOAra 7 eyew povnv te déwas TE. 
6... adn a xelpas Exov Boes he NéEorTes, 

e / / ee 4 a iA ” 
<a@s> ypdwai xelpecot kal zpya Téeneiv dmrep avopes, 
Kal Ke Oey idéas Fypadov Kal c@part’ erolovy 
Tolad0’, olov wep Kal avtol déwas sixov <éKacToL> 
” / 9 7 , / \ ec a 
tarmoe pév O imorot, Boes 52 Te Bovoly opota. 


Sources and Critical Notes. 


1, Clem. Alex. Strom. v. p. 714. Euseb. Praep. Hv. xiii. 13, p. 
678 p. MS, odd 3, ... ore, corr. Potter. 

2. Sext. Emp. Math. ix. 144. 

3. Simplic. Phys. 6 r 23, 20; Dow. 481. 

4, Simplic. Phys. 6 r 23, 11; Dow. 481. 


5. Clem. Al. Strom. v. p. 714; Euseb. Praep. Ev. xiii. 13, p. 678 p, 
following Fr. 1. Theodoret, Gr. Aff. Curat. iii. 72, p. 49. 
V.1: Theod., Clem. cd. Par. and Ed. Floren., Euseb. CF'GI read 
GAA’ of Bporoi. Text follows remaining MSS. of Clem. and 
Euseb. V.2: Theod. kal Yonv, Clem. and Euseb. tiv cperépay; 
Theod. 7’ ato@now, Clem. and Euseb. 8 éoc@7jra. 


6. Clem. Euseb. and Theod. after preceding fragment. Line 5 stands 
third in MSS. and earlier texts; Karsten places it fifth. 

V.1: Clem. and Theod. &ar’ ef ro: xeipas eixov: Clem. Euseb. 
Aéovres, Theod, eAepdvres. V. 2: Euseb. F'G kal, other MSS. 
}, corr. Hiller. V.3: Euseb. and Theod. kat re: Kus. DEFG 
déuar’. V. 4: MSS. écxov, corr. Karst.: MSS. dpotov, 
Meineke éxacro. V. 5: Clem. Theod. duoto:, Hus. Soro, 

Karst. duota. 





* The text follows in the main the edition of Bergk-Hiller, Poet. Lyr. 
Graec., Leipzig, 1890. 


- 


THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: XENOPHANES 67 


TRANSLATION. 


1. God is one, supreme among gods and men, and 
not like mortals in body or in mind.! 


2. The whole [of god] sees, the whole perceives, the 
whole hears.” 


3. But without effort he sets in motion all things by 
mind and thought. 


° 


4. It [%.e. being] always abides in the same place, not 
moved at all, nor is it fitting that it should move from 
one place to another. 


5. But mortals suppose that the gods are born (as 
they themselves are), and that they wear man’s clothing 
and have human voice and body.* 


6. But if cattle or lions had hands, so as to paint 
with their hands and produce works of art as men do, 
they would paint their gods and give them bodies in 
form like their own—horses like horses, cattle like cattle.‘ 


' Zeller, Vorsokratische Philosophie, p. 530, n. 3. 
2 Zeller, 526, n. 1. -No author is given in the context; Karsten 
follows Fabricius in accrediting it to Xenophanes. 
3 Zeller, 524,n.2. Cf. Arist. Rhet. ii. 23; 1399 b 6. 
‘ Zeller, 525, n.2. Diog. Laer. iii. 16; Cic. de nat. Deor. i. 27. 
F 2 


68 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


a iA Ld 
7 mavra Oerts aveOncav” Ounpos & “Haiodds re 
iA 5152 , > , \ / > / 
dooa Tap avOpwroow dveldea Kal Yroyos éoTt, 
Kal wrsiat’ épOéyEavto Gedy abeuloria Epya, 
KNETTEW, moltyevel TE Kal GAA HAOUS aTraTEvEL. 
8 > / \ , \ > fol s x n 
éx yains yap Tavta, Kal eis yijv wavTa TEdEUTA. 
/ y / VER 2 > / 
mavres yap yalns Te Kal datos exyevouecOa. 
10 yi Kal bdwp TravT’ éoP boa yivovT’ iS2 dvovTat. 
11 anyn & éott Oddaco’ batos, rnyhn & avéwoo: 
\ 
oUTe yap év védheow <Tvolal K aveu“oto pvowrTo 
&xmrvelovTos> zowOev avev TovTOU pEyadoLo 
bd e \ bes wo ba ea v a 
oUTE poal ToTauav ovT aiPgpos GuBpiov bdwp 
Gra péyas ToVTOS yeveTwp vehéwv avémov TE 
fal * 
Kal TOTAMOV. 
g / ~ ¥ lal BA \ \ e an 
12 yains pév rode Teipas dvw Tapa Tocclv opatat 
> / / + / a) BA id / 
aidép. mpormriov, TA KaTw S 2s AmrEeipov iKadveL. 
13 fv 7 Ipiv Kadégover, védos Kal TodTO TEPUKE 
/ 
Topupeov Kal howixeov Kal ywpov idecOar. 





7. Sext. Emp. Math. ix. 193 and i. 289 combined. 
V. 3: MSS. 6s, Karst. rad. 
8. Sext. Emp. Math. x. 313; Stob. Hcl. Phys. i. p. 294, Dow. 284; 
Schol. Vill. and Schol. Min. to Homer, Jl. H 99. 
9. Sext. Emp. Math. ix. 361 and x. 313 ; Eustath. J]. H 99, p. 668, 60. 
10. Simplic. Phys. 41 r 189, 1, attributes this verse to Anaximenes 
on the authority of Porphyry. Joh. Philoponus (Phys. i. 188 b 30) attri- 
butes it to Xenophanes on the same authority. 
MS. yivovra, corr. Diels. 


11. Schol. Genev. to Homer, JJ. 1 199, 2. V. Site. d. berl. Akad. 
June 18, 1891. I have inserted Diels’ emendation in lines 2 and 3. The 
first line also occurs in Stob. Flor. ed. Gais. iv. App. p. 6. 

12. Achill. Tat. in Isagoge ad. Aratum (Petavit. Doctr. Tempor. iii. 
p. 76). Cf. Aristotle, de Xenophane, &c., 2; 976 a 32. 


V.2: kal pei mpoomAd(ov, Ta ndrw 3’ eis, Karst. aidép:. 


13. Eustath. IJ. A 24, p. 827,59; Schol. Vill. ad Z7. A 27 and Schol. 
Leyd. in Valckenaer, Diair. Eurip. p. 195. 


THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: XENOPHANES 69 - 


7. Homer and Hesiod attributed to the gods all things 
which are disreputable and worthy of blame when done 
by men; and they told of them many lawless deeds, 
stealing, adultery, and deception of each other.! 


8. For all things come from earth, and all things end 
by becoming earth.’ 


9. For we are all sprung from earth and water.’ 


10. All things that come into being and grow are 
earth and water. 


11. The sea is the source of water and the source of 
wind ; for neither would blasts of wind arise in the clouds 
and blow out from within them, except for the great sea, 
nor would the streams of rivers nor the rain-water in 
the sky exist but for the sea; but the great sea is the 
begetter of clouds and winds and rivers. 


12. This upper limit of earth at our feet is visible 
and ttouches the air,f but below it reaches to infinity.‘ 


13. She whom men call Iris (rainbow), this also is by 
nature cloud, violet and red and pale green to behold. 


1 Zeller, 525,n.3. Cf. Diog. Laer. ix. 18; Sext. Emp. Pyrrh. i. 224. 
2 Of. Stob. Hcl. Phys. ii. 282, 2 mupds yap Ta mdvra Kal eis wip tH 
mdvra TeXevTG, which Karsten does not assign to Xenophanes. 
*® Zeller, 541, n.1. Cf. Sext. Emp. Pyrrh. ii. 30. 
4 Cf. Arist. de Coelo ii. 13; 294421. 


70 


THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


14 cal 7d pév obv cadis odtis dvyp yéver’ ovde Tis EaTaL 


15 
16 


17 


18 


eldos audi Oedv Te Kal dooa Aéyw TEpl TavTo * 
ei yap Kal Ta pddLoTa TUYOL TETENETMEVOY ELTTOV, 
> \ is4 > 3 \ » Wa \ a / 
avTos Guws ovK olde* SoKxds & eri Tact TéTUKTAL. 
nr , ms 3 , oe 5) 4 
tadra Sedd~acOar perv zorxoTa Tots érvpotot. 


ovtot an’ apyhs mavta Geol Ovntois brédevEar, 
, \ , ' > / ” 
GNA Xpove Cnteovtes EhevpicKovawy apewvov. 


\ a a eo 
Tap Tupl xYpn ToLadTa eye YELLavos ev Wp 
> / al / ” ” 
EV KNW) MAAAKH KATAKELMEVOV, EUTAEOY OVTA, 
/ \ 3 ¢ , 9°93 / 
mivovta yNuKvV olvov, UToTpwYyovT épeBivOovs ° 
dt / 3 > lal ‘4 ” ee / U 
tis woGev eis avdpav ; Toca ToL ete’ goTl, PEploTE ; 
mnrikos 700 68’ 6 Misos adixeto ; 


vov adr’ ddXov erevpt NOvyor, SelEw OF KeNEVAOr. 


* * * * * * 


/ A / / / 
Kal ToTé piv oTUdEertfouevov oKVAaAKOS TrapLdVTA 


\ > a \ / 4 A 
ghaciv érouxtipat Kai Tobe hadcbas eros * 


mavoat unde part’, érrel 7) pirov avépos éoriv 5 


uy), THY Fyvov POeyEauevns dior. 





14. Sext. Emp. Math. vii. 49 and 110, and viii. 326. Vv. 1-2: Plut. 
aud. poet. 178; Laer. Diog. ix. 72. Vv. 3-4: Hipp. Phil. 14, Doz. 
565; Origen, Philos. xiv. vol. i. p. 892; Galen, de diff. puls. iii. 1, viii. 
p- 62. Last half line: Sext. Emp. Pyrrh.ii. 18; Proklos in Tim. 
p. 78, &e. 


V.1: Sext. Diog. ev. V.3: Galen Rv yap kal Ta wéyiora Tixy 


Teredcoueva, Hipp. tdxn. 


15. Plut. Symp. ix. 7468. Karst. reads Sedétaora. 
16. Stob. Flor. xxix. 41 G, Hel. Phys., I. 224. 


V. 1: Flor. érésetav, Hcl. mapédotav. V. 2: Hcl. MS. Flor. 


épeupickovowv, other MSS. épedpicxor. 


17. Athen. ii. p.54z. V.3: Eustath. p. 948, 40. 

18. Diog. Laer. viii. 36; Suidas, v. Zevoddyns. Anthol. Graec. i. 86, 
p. 345, ed. Bosch. prefixes two verses which Karsten assigns to Apollo- 
doros on the evidence of Athen. 418 zr. 


V. 1: MSS. viv ody 7’, corr. Steph. V.3: Suidas dnciy. V.5: 


Karst. rjs. Suidas BE $0eytauévny. 


THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: XENOPHANES 71 


14. Accordingly there has not been a man, nor will 
there be, who knows distinctly what I say about the 
gods or in regard to all things, for even if one chances 
for the most part to say what is true, still he would 
not know; but every one thinks he knows.! 


15. These things have seemed to me to resemble the 
truth. 


16. In the beginning the gods did not at all reveal 
all things clearly to mortals, but by searching men in 


the course of time find them out better. 


17. The following are fit topics for conversation for 
men reclining on a soft couch by the fire in the winter 
season, when after a meal they are drinking sweet wine 
and eating a little pulse: Who are you, and what is your 
family? What is your age, my friend? How: old 
were you when the Medes invaded this land ? 


18. Now, however, I come to another topic, and I will 
show the way.... They say that once ona time whena 
hound was badly treated a passer-by pitied him and said, 
‘Stop beating him, for it is the soul of a dear friend; I 
recognised him on hearing his voice.’ 


1 Zeller, 549, n. 2. Burnett, ‘ All are free to guess,’ 


‘ 


72 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


19 GAN ei pév TayvThTe Today vikny Tis porto 
4H wevtadnrevwv, tv0a Aros Ttépevos- 
map Ilicao pono’ év ’Odvuprin, sire Taralov, 
} Kal TuKToovvny addyiwoecoay 2xor, 
” 2.7 \ »” a / / 
elite TO Sewvov deOdov, 0 TayKpaTiov KadéoveL, 5 
actoiciv x’ ein KvdpoTEpos Tpocopay, 
Kat Ke Tposdpiny havepny ev ayaou apo.To, 
Kai Kev ott’ ein Snpociwy KTedvov 
éx ToNEws Kal S@porv, 6 of KEetuHdsov Ein: 
+ \ @& rn / sav / 
glTE KAL ITTOLOW, TAUTA Y ATTAaVTA NAYXOL, 10 
> 3\ ” CA \ 5 PR \ > / 
ovK éwv akios, WoTEp syo* Pouns yap apelvav 
> an 9Q9 7 e / / 
avdpav 79 trav hpetépn copin. 
GAN’ 2ikh para TodTO vomilerar: ovde Sixatov 
Mpoxpivew pwounv Ths ayabhs codins. 
” \ > 4 > \ a / 
ovTE yap ei TUKTHS ayabds Naoiot pETE(n, 15 
ovr’ et TevTaOnEiv, ovTE TANALT MOTH), 
ovoe ev gi TAYXVTHTL TOOGY, TOTEP oT TPOTYLOV 
popuns doo’ avdpav epy ev ayave TéNe1, 
+ x \ Lal > > / , ” 
Touvecev dy 51) waddov év Evvopin TOALS etn * 
\ 4 / / / 9. 2h A 
_ opixpov & dv Tt Tod Kappa yéevolT’ eri TO, 20 
el Tus aeOXevwv vik@ Ilicao rap’ dy@as - 
ov yap Tiaiver TadTa puyods TONEWS. 
20. d8pocivas 52 pabdvtes dvwdedéas rapa Avdor, 
odpa Tuppavins hoa dvev orvyepijs, 
jeoar eis ayopnyv mavadoupyéa pape’ 2xovTes, 
ov pelos Momrep ytduoe eis érrimay, 
avbyaréo., yaltnow ayardomevor evTrpeTéeccow, 5 
aoKntots dduiy ypimace Sevopevos. 
19. Athen. x. 413 F. 

V. 3: Schneidewin fods, cf. v.21. V.5: MSS. ri, Wakef. 7d. V.6: 
Vulg. xpbs &xpa, Jacobs mpocopay from MS. A mpocépay. V. 8: MSS. 
ovrein, corr. Turnebus. V. 10: Dindorf connects with the preceding line 
and reads of x’ 1 &fios. V.15: A Aaotow ér’ etn, corr. Steph. 

20. Athen. xii. p. 526. 

V. 1: MSS. a&ppootvas, corr. Schneider V. 2: Vulg. emt orvyepijs, corr. 
Dindorf. V.4: ABéorep, PVL rep. V.5: Last word: Schneidewin 
tavanow, Bergk! prefers aydApaci 7’. 





10 


15 


20 


THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: XENOPHANES 73 


19. But if one wins a victory by swiftness of foot, or 
in the pentathlon, where the grove of Zeus lies by Pisas’ 
stream at Olympia, or as a wrestler, or in painful boxing, 
or in that severe contest called the pancration, he would 
be more glorious in the eyes of the citizens, he would win 
a front seat at assemblies, and would be entertained 
by the city at the public table, and he would receive a 
gift which would be a keepsake for him. If he won 
by means of horses he would get all these things 
although he did not deserve them, as I deserve them, 
for our wisdom is better than the strength of men or of 
horses. This is indeed a very wrong custom, nor is it 
right to prefer strength to excellent wisdom. For if there 
should be in the city a man good at boxing, or in the 
pentathlon, or in wrestling, or in swiftness of foot, which 
is honoured more than strength (among the contests men 
enter into at the games), the city would not on that 
account be any better governed. Small joy would it be 
to any city in this case if a citizen conquers at the games 
on the banks of the Pisas, for this does not fill with 


wealth its secret chambers. 


20. Having learned profitless luxuries from the Ly- 
dians, while as yet they had no experience of hateful 
tyranny, they proceeded into the market-place, no less 
than a thousand in number all told, with purple garments 
completely covering them, boastful, proud of their comely 
locks, anointed with unguents Of rich perfume. 


74 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


21 viv yap 51) Saredov KaSapor Kai yeipes ardvT@v 

Kal KvdALKES* TrEKTOvS O audiTOe? oTEpdvovs, 
ddndos & evades ptpov év diddy tapatelvec- 

kpatnp & gornKev wectos éuppoovyys * 
adXos & olvos étoipos, ds ovtroTé Hnot Tpod@cew, 5 

b] / b] v > la 

pelduyos év Kepapoto’, avOzos dcdopevos* 
> X / 9 is \ > \ \ 7 
év 88 wécoto’ ayvnv odynv ABaveros now, 

auypov & zotw bdap Kal yAvKd Kal Kaapov: 

nd 7 \ / A 
mapKewtat 8 aptor EavOol yepapyn te Tpdmela 

a \ , > / 

Tupov Kal péruTos Tiovos ayOopévn* 10 
Bopos & avOeouw av To pécov TavTH TETUKACTAL, 

por? & apdhls eye: Sopata Kal Garin. 

\ XN a X \ e a ” ” 
xpn S& mpatov pév Ocdv bpveiv edppovas avdpas 

b , / \ a , 

evhypors wv0os Kal Kabapoitct NOyors. 
omelcavtas 5: Kai evéapévous Ta Sixata Sivacbat 15 

mpnocew: (TadTa yap wy éoTL TpoxElpoTEpoV *) 
ody UBpis rivew ordcov Kev Exwv adixoto 

v 3s / \ / / 

oixad’ dvev TpoTrodov, pa) Wav ynpadéos * 
avopav & aivety TodTov, Os 2oOXa Tiwy avadgaivet, 

@S of pynpoctvn Kal <tovos> aud’ apetijs. 20 
ove wayas Siétrew Titdver ov62 Tvyavtor, 

ovoee Tt Kevtatpwv, tAdGopaTa TOV TpOTEpwY, 
h otacias opedavas: Toio’ ovdév ypnoToy EvEecTL * 

Oe@v <d2> mpopnOeiny aiév zyew ayabov. 





21. Athen. xi. p. 462. 

Vv. 4-8: Eustath. Od. 1 359, p. 1633, 53. V. 2: MSS. auguriéels, corr. 
Dindorf. V.13: Bergk! reads ropotve. V.4: Eust. omits 5¢ and reads 
eudpooctyns. V.5: AE olvos éorly @romos, Karst. tAAw 8 olvos €romos. Text 
follows Meineke and Bergk. V.11: Vulg. ard uéoov, corr. Karst. V.14: 
MSS. Adyos, Hichstidt vdors, Schneid. véuos. V.16: Vulg. puts colon 
after mphocew and period at end ofline. Meineke puts comma at end of 
line, and colon after #Bpis. Bergk reads taitra yap dv ... UBpis as paren- 
thetical. Schneid. rpoopéreov. V. 19: Hermann dvadalyn. V.20: Voulg. 
7H pynuociyn, kal tov ds, Schneid. of uvnuoortvn Kal révos, Bergk of uynuo- 
oty’ H, kal rov, ds. V. 21: Bergk d:érex, V.22: Hermann ovdé 71, Bergk 
ovd ad: MSS. wAacudrwy, corr. Hermann. V. 23: MSS. ¢evddvas, 
Scalig. paAcddvas, Osann. opedavds. V. 24: Scalig. adds 5¢: MSS. 
ayabhy, corr. Franke et al. 


10 


20 


THE ELEATIG SCHOOL: XENOPHANES 75 


21. For now the floor is clean, the hands of all and 
the cups are clean; one puts on the woven garlands, 
another passes around the fragrant ointment in a vase ; 
the mixing bow] stands full of good cheer, and more wine, 
mild and of delicate bouquet, is at hand in jars, which 
says it will never fail. In the midst frankincense 
sends forth its sacred fragrance, and there is water, cold, 
and sweet, and pure; the yellow loaves are near at hand, 
and the table of honour is loaded with cheese and rich 
honey. The altar in the midst is thickly covered with 
flowers on every side; singing and mirth fill the house. 
Men making merry should first hymn the god with 
propitious stanzas and pure words; and when they have 
poured out libations and prayed for power to do the 
right (since this lies nearest at hand), then it is no un- 
fitting thing to drink as much as will not prevent your 
walking home without a slave, if you are not very old. 
And one ought to praise that man who, when he has 
drunk, unfolds noble things as his memory and his toil 
for virtue suggest ; but there is nothing praiseworthy in 
discussing battles of Titans or of Giants or Centaurs, fic- 
tions of former ages, nor in plotting violent revolutions. 


But it is good always to pay careful respect to the gods. 


76 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 
22 réurpas yap KoXdiv épipov oKxédos ijpao Tiov 
Tavpov Napwod, Titov avdpl AaxEt, 
Tod Kréos “EXddba tracav éhi€etas odd’ arrornEer 
for’ av dowddav 7 yévos ‘EXXabcKov. 
23 obdé Kev év KUAIKL TPOTEpOY KEpdoeElé TLS OlVOV 
éyxéas, AN bdwp Kai KabdrrepOe wv. 
24 40n & émra 7 tact nal éEjKovr’ éviavToi 
BrAnotpifovres éunv ppovtis’ av’ “EXXdda yiv: 
2x yeveThns O& TOT’ Hoav éelKkoo. TevTE TE TPOS TOTS, 
elmep éym Trepi THVO oida éyey ETHOS. 
25 ovx ion mpdxAnots avtn, aceBet pos evoeBi. 
26 avdpos ynpévtos Toddov adauporepos. 
27 scraow & ératns <Bdaxyou> wvKwor wept Sopa. 
28 2& dpyfs ca?” Opnpov éerrel pepabnKacr Travtes. 


29 ei pH yAwpov Educe Oeds péds, TOArOY EhacKoV 
yAvooova cdKa TérETOaL. 


30 <dyvov> évi omeatecos Teols KatanrelBetar HOwp. 


81 ommoca b) Ovnrotet redyvacw eicopdacbat. 





22. Athen. ix. p. 368. V.3: MSS. aoftera:, corr. Karst. V.4: 
Meineke kaAéos “EAAadixay, Bergk do:dordAwy 7 yévos “EAAadikar. 

23. Athen. xi. p. 782. V.2: Vulg. eyxevas, corr. Casaub. 

24. Diog. Laer. ix. 19. 

25. Arist. Rhet.i. 15; p. 377 a 20. 

26. Etym. Magn. s.v. Pnpds ; attributed to Xenophon. 

27. Schol. ad Aristoph. Hqwit. v. 408. Vulg. éddra:, MS. © éAdre, 
V éAdrn. Lobeck, Aglaoph. p. 308i, suggests éxoraow 3° éAaray muKwol 
wept Suara Béxxo., and compares Eurip. Bacch. 110. 

(28). Draco Straton. p. 33, ed. Herm.; Cram. An. Oxon. iii. p. 296 
(Herod. epi d:xpév. p. 367 Lehrs); Cram. An. Oxon. iv. p. 415 (Choerob. 
dict. p. 566 Gais.). 

(29). Herod. wep) pov. Aé. 41, 5. MSS. Zevopay, corr. Dind. Cf. 
Etym. Magn. 235, 4. Etym. Gud. 301, 15. 

(30). Herod. Ibid. 30, 30. MSS. «al why, corr. Lehrs. Cf. mepi eric. 
évon. 772, 33. ; 

31). Herod. rep dixpdv. 296, 5. 


THE ELEATIC. SCHOOL: XENOPHANES 17 


22. For sending the thigh-bone of a goat, thou didst 
receive the rich leg of a fatted bull, an honourable 
present to a man, the fame whereof shall come to all 


Greece, and shall not cease so long as there is a race of 
Greek bards. ; 


23. Nor would any one first pour the wine into the 
cup to mix it, but water first and the wine above it. 


24. Already now sixty-seven years my thoughts have 
been tossed restlessly up and down Greece, but then it was 
twenty and five years from my birth, if I know how to 
speak the truth about these things.! 


25. Nor is this (an oath) an equal demand to make of 
an impious man as compared with a pious man. 


26. Much more feeble than an aged man. 


27. Bacchic wands of fir stand about the firmly built 
house. 


28. From the beginning, according to Homer, since 
all have learned them.’ 


29. If the god had not made light-coloured honey, 
I should have said that a fig was far sweeter. 


30. Holy water trickles down in thy grottoes. 


31. As many things as they have made plain for 
mortals to see! 


1 Bergk‘ interprets ppovrida by carmen. 

2 Hiller, Dewt. Litt. Zeitg., 1886, Coll. 474-475, suggests ‘(Men know 
the wanderings of Odysseus) from the beginning as Homer tells them, 
since all have learned them.’ 


78 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


Sayincs OF XENOPHANES. 


Arist. Rhet. ii. 28; 1899b6 (Karsten, Fr. 34). 
Xenophanes asserts that those who say the gods are born 
are as impious as those who say that they die; for in 
both cases it amounts to this, that the gods do not exist 
at all. 

Ibid. 1400 b 5 (K. 85). When the inhabitants of 
Elea asked Xenophanes whether they should sacrifice to 
Leukothea and sing a dirge or not, he advised them not 
to sing a dirge if they thought her divine, and if they 
thought her human not to sacrifice to her.! 

Plutarch, de vit. pud. p. 580 F (K. 386).. When Lasos, 
son of Hermiones, called that man a coward who was 
unwilling to play at dice with him, Xenophanes 
answered that he was very cowardly and without daring 
in regard to dishonourable things. 

Diog. Laer. ix. 20 (K.37). When Empedokles said to 
him (Xenophanes) that the wise man was not to be found, 
he answered : Naturally, for it would take a wise man 
to recognise a wise man. 

Plut. de comm. not. p. 1084 8 (K. 88). Xenophanes, . 
when some one told him that he had seen eels living in 
hot water, said: Then we will boil them in cold water. 

Diog. Laer. ix. 19 (K. 89). ‘ Have intercourse with 
tyrants either as little as possible, or as agreeably as 
possible.’ 

Clem. Al. Strom. vii. p. 841. And Greeks suppose 
the gods to be like men in their passions as well as in 
their forms; and accordingly they represent them, each 
race in forms like their own, in the words of Xenophanes : 
Ethiopians make their gods black and snub-nosed, 
Thracians red-haired and with blue eyes; so also they 
conceive the spirits of the gods to be like themselves.2 


' Cf. Plutarch, Amat. p. 763 p; Is. et Os. p. 379 B. 
* Cf. Theod. Graec. Aff. Cur. iii. p. 49. 


THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: XENOPHANES 79 


A. Gellius, Noct. Att. iii. 11 (K. 31). Some writers 
have stated that Homer antedated Hesiod, and among 
these were Philochoros and Xenophanes of Kolophon ; 
others assert that he was later than Hesiod. 


(b) PassaGES RELATING TO XENOPHANES IN PLATO AND 
ARISTOTLE. 


Plato, Soph.242p. And the Eleatic group of thinkers 
among us, beginning with Xenophanes and even earlier, 
set forth in tales how what men call all things is 
really one. 

De Coelo, ii. 18; 294a 21. On this account some 
assert that there is no limit to the earth underneath us, 
saying that it is rooted in infinity, as, for instance, 
Xenophanes of Kolophon; in order that they may not 
have the trouble of seeking the cause.! 

De mirac. oscult. 88; 833 a 16. The fire at Lipara, 
Xenophanes says, ceased once for sixteen years, and came 
back in the seventeenth. And he says that the lava- 
stream from Aetna is neither of the nature of fire, nor is 
it continuous, but it appears at intervals of many years. 

Metaph. i. 5; 986b10. There are some who have 
expressed the opinion about the All that it is one in its 
essential nature, but they have not expressed this opinion 
after the same manner nor in an orderly or natural 
way. 986b 238. Xenophanes first taught the unity of 
these things (Parmenides is said to have been his pupil), 
but he did not make. anything clear, nor did he seem to 
get at the nature of either of these things, but looking 
up into the broad heavens he said: The unity is god. 


1 Two passages from the Rhet. ii. 23 are translated above, p. 78. 
Extracts from the book ordinarily called De Xenophane, Zenone, Gorgia, 
and ascribed to Aristotle, are in part translated below, p. 80, n. 2 fi., 
.in connection with the fragment of Theophrastos which covers exactly 
the same ground. 


80 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


3 These, as we have said, are to be dismissed from the 
present investigation, two of them entirely as being 
rather more crude, Xenophanes and Melissos; but Par- 
menides seems to speak in some places with greater care.' 


(c) PassaGES RELATING TO XENOPHANES IN THE 
‘ DoxoGRAPHISTS.’ 


Theophrastos, Fr. 5 ; Simpl. Phys. 5v: 22,36; Doz. 
480. Theophrastos says that Xenophanes of Kolophon, 
teacher of Parmenides, asserted that the first principle 
is one, and that being is one and all-embracing, and is 
neither limited nor infinite, neither moving nor at 
rest. Theophrastos admits, however, that the record 
of his opinion is derived from some other source than 
the investigation of nature. This all-embracing unity 
Xenophanes called god; he shows that god is one be- 
cause god is the most powerful of all things; for, he 
says, if there be a multiplicity of things, it is necessary 
that power should exist in them all alike; but the most 
powerful and most excellent of all things is god.2 And 
he shows that god must have been without beginning, 
since whatever comes into being must come either from 
what is like it or from what is unlike it; but, he says, 
it is no more natural that like should give birth to like, 
than that like should be born from like; but if it had 
sprung from what is unlike it, then being would have 


1 V. Zeller, Vorsokr. Phil. i. 513, n.1; Diels’ Dox. p. 110; Teich- 
miiller, Studien, p. 607. 

* Cf. Arist. Xen. Zen. Gorg. 977.223. It is natural that god should 
be one; for if there were two or more, he would not be the most 
powerful and most excellent of all.... If, then, there were several 
beings, some stronger, some weaker, they would not be gods; for itis 
not the nature of god to be ruled. Nor would they have the nature of 
god if they were equal, for god ought to be the most powerful; but 
that which is equal is neither better nor worse than its equal. 


THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: XENOPHANES 81 


sprung from not-being.' So he showed that god is 
without beginning and eternal. Nor is it either infinite 
or subject to limits; for not-being is infinite, as having 
neither beginning nor middle nor end; moreover 
limits arise through the relation of a multiplicity of 
things to each other.? Similarly he denies to it both 
motion and rest; for not-being is immovable, since 
neither could anything else come into it nor could 
it itself come into anything else; motion, on the one 
hand, arises among the several parts of the one, for 
one thing changes its position with reference to another, 
so that when he says that it abides in the same state and 
is not moved (Frag. 4.), ‘And it always abides in the 
same place, not moved at all, nor is it fitting that it 
should move from one place to another,’ he does not 
mean that it abides in arest that is the antithesis of 
motion, but rather in a stillness that is out of the sphere 
of both motion and rest. Nikolaos of Damascus in his 
book On the Gods mentions him as saying that the first 
principle of things is infinite and immovable.* Accord- 
ing to Alexander he regards this principle as limited 
and spherical. But that Xenophanes shows it to be 
neither limited nor infinite is clear from the very words 


' Of. Arist. X.Z7.G. 977a19. Headds: For even if the stronger were 
to come from the weaker, the greater from the less, or the better from the 
worse, or on the other hand the worse from the better, still being could 
not come from not-being, since this is impossible. Accordingly god is 
eternal. 

2 Of. Arist. X.7.G.977 b 6. The second part reads: But if there 
were several parts, these would limit each other. The one is not like 
not-being nor like a multiplicity of parts, since the one has nothing by 
which it may be limited. 

3 Arist. X.Z.G.977b13. He adds: Nothing, however, can be moved 
into not-being, for not-being does not exist anywhere. But if there is 
change of place among several parts, there would be parts of the one. 
Therefore the two or more parts of the one may be moved ; but to remain 
immovable and fixed is a characteristic of not-being. The one is 
neither movable nor is it fixed ; forit is neither like not-being, nor like a 
multiplicity of being. 

G 


82 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


quoted,—Alexander says that he regarded it as limited 
and spherical because it is homogeneous throughout ; 
and he holds that it perceives all things, saying (Frag. 3) 
‘But without effort he sets in motion all things by mind 
and thought.’ ! 

Theophrast. Fr. 5a ; Galen, in Hipp. d. n. h. xv. 35K. ; 
Dox. 481. Several of the commentators have made 
false statements about Xenophanes, as for instance 
Sabinos, who uses almost these very words: ‘I say that 
man is not air, as Anaximenes taught, nor water, 
as Thales taught, nor earth, as Xenophanes says in 
some book;’ but no such opinion is found to be ex- 
pressed by Xenophanes anywhere. And it is clear from 
Sabinos’s own words that he made a false statement in- 
tentionally and did not fall into error through ignorance. 
Else he would certainly have mentioned by name the 
book in which Xenophanes expressed this opinion. On 
the contrary he wrote ‘as Xenophanes says in some 
book.’ Theophrastos would have recorded this opinion 
of Xenophanes in his abridgment of the opinions of 
the physicists, if it were really true. And if you are 
interested in the investigation of these things, you can 
read the books of Theophrastos in which he made this 
abridgment of the opinions of the physicists. 

Hipp. Philos. i. 14; Dox. 565. Xenophanes of 
Kolophon, son of Orthomenes, lived to the time of 
Cyrus. He was the first to say that all things are in- 
comprehensible, in the following verses : (Frag. 14) ‘ For 
even if one chances for the most part to say what is 
true, still he would not know; but every one thinks he 


' Arist. X.Z7.G. 977. Since god is a unity, he is homogeneous in all 
his parts, and sees and hears and has other sensations in all his parts. 
Except for this some parts of god might rule and be ruled by one another, 
a thing which is impossible. Being homogeneous throughout he is a 
sphere in form; for it could not be spheroidal in places but rather 
throughout. 


THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: XENOPHANES 83 


knows.’' And he says that nothing comes into being, 
nor is anything destroyed, nor moved; and that the 
universe is one and is not subject to change. And he 
says that god is eternal and one, homogeneous 
throughout, limited, spherical, with power of sense- 
perception in all parts. The sun is formed each day 
from small fiery particles which are gathered together ; 
the earth is infinite, and is not surrounded by air or by 
sky ; an infinite number of suns and moons exist, and 
all things come from earth. The sea, he said, is salt 
because so many things flow together and become 
mixed in it; but Metrodoros assigns as the reason for 
its saltness that it has filtered through the earth.? And 
Xenophanes believes that once the earth was mingled 
with the sea, but in the course of time it became freed 
from moisture ; and his proofs are such as these: that 
shells are found in the midst of the land and among 
the mountains, that in the quarries of Syracuse the 
imprints of a fish and of seals had been found, and in 
Paros the imprint of an anchovy at some depth in the 
stone, and in Melite shallow impressions of all sorts of sea, 
products. He says that these imprints were made when 
everything long ago was covered with mud, and then the 
imprint dried in themud. Farther he says that all men 
will be destroyed when the earth sinks into the sea and be- 
comes mud, and that the race will begin anew from the be- 
ginning ; andthis transformation takes place for all worlds. 

Plut. Strom. 4; Dox. 580. Xenophanes of Kolo- 
phon, going his own way and differing from all those 
that had gone before, did not admit either genesis or 
destruction, but says that the all is always the same. 
For if it came into being, it could not have existed 
before this ; and not-being could not come into existence 


1 Epiph. adv. Haer. iii. 9; Doz. 590. 
2 Zeller, Vorsokr. Phil. 543, n. 1. 


84 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


nor could it accomplish anything, nor could anything 
come from not-being. And he declares that sensations 
are deceptive, and together with them he does away with 
the authority of reason itself. And he declares that the 
earth is constantly sinking little by little into the sea. He 
says that the sun is composed of numerous fiery particles 
massed together. And with regard to the gods he 
declares that there is no rule of one god over another, 
for it is impious that any of the gods should be ruled ; 
and none of the gods have need of anything at all, for 
a god hears and sees in all his parts and not in some 
particular organs.' He declares that the earth is infinite 
and is not surrounded on every side by air; and all 
things arise from earth; and he says that the sun and 
the stars arise from clouds. 

Galen, Hist. Phil. 3; Dox. 601. Xenophanes of 
Kolophon is said to be the chief of this school, which is 
ordinarily considered aporetic (skeptical) rather than 
dogmatic. 7; Dox. 604. To the class holding eclectic 
views belongs Xenophanes, who has his doubts as to all 
things, except that he holds this one dogma: that all 
things are one, and that this is god, who is limited, 
endowed with reason, and immovable. 

Aet. Plac. i. 3; Dox. 284. Xenophanes held that 
the first principle of all things is earth, for he wrote 
in his book on nature: ‘All things come from earth, 
and all things end by becoming earth.”? 

Aet. ii. 4; Dow. 332. Xenophanes et al.: The 
world is without beginning, eternal, imperishable. 
13; 848. The stars are formed of burning cloud ; these 
are extinguished each day, but they are kindled again 
at night, like coals; for their risings and settings are 


' Zeller, Vorsokr. Phil. p. 526, n.4; Arch. f. d. Gesch. d. Phil. ii. 
1889, pp. 1-5. 


* Epiph. adv. Haer. iii. 9; Dow. 590. 


THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: XENOPHANES 85 


really kindlings and extinguishings. 18; 847. The 
objects which appear to those on vessels like stars, and 
which some call Dioscuri, are little clouds which have 
become luminous by a certain kind of motion. 20; 548. 
The sun is composed of fiery particles collected from the 
moist exhalation and massed together, or of burning 
clouds. 24; 354. Kclipses occur by extinction of the 
sun; and the sun is born anew at its risings. Xeno- 
phanes recorded an eclipse of the sun for a whole month, 
and another eclipse so complete that the day seemed as 
night. 24; 855. Xenophanes held that there are many 
suns and moons according to the different regions and 
sections and zones of the earth ; and that at some fitting 
time the disk of the sun comes into a region of the earth 
not inhabited by us, and so it suffers eclipse as though 
it had gone into a hole; he adds that the sun goes on 
for an infinite distance, but it seems to turn around by 
reason of the great distance. 25; 356. The moon is a 
compressed cloud. 28; 358. It shines by its own light. 
29 ; 360. The moon disappears each month because it is 
extinguished. 30; 362. The sun serves a purpose in 
the generation of the world and of the animals on it, as 
well as in sustaining them, and it drags the moon after it. 

Aet. ili. 2; 867. Comets are groups or motions of 
burning clouds. 3; 368. Lightnings take place when 
clouds shine in motion. 4; 871. The phenomena of the 
heavens come from the warmth of the sun as the principal 
cause. For when the moisture is drawn up from the 
sea, the sweet water separated by reason of its lightness 
becomes mist and passes into clouds, and falls as rain 
when compressed, and the winds scatter it; for he writes 
expressly (Frag. 11): ‘ The sea is the source of water.’ 

Aet. iv. 9; 396. Sensations are deceptive. 

Aet. v. 1; 415. Xenophanes and Epikouros abolished 
the prophetic art. 


86 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


VL. 
THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: PARMENIDES. 


Parmenipges, the son of Pyres (or Pyrrhes), of Elea, 
was born about 515 z.c.; his family was of noble rank 
and rich, but Parmenides devoted himself to philosophy. 
He was associated with members of the Pythagorean 
society, and is himself called a Pythagorean by later 
writers. In the formation of his philosophic system how- 
ever he was most influenced by his aged fellow-townsman, 
Xenophanes ; the doctrines of Xenophanes he developed 
into a system which was embodied in a poetic work ‘ On 
Nature.’ The statement that he made laws for the 
citizens may have reference to some connection with the 
Pythagorean society. 


Literature: The fragments of Parmenides have been 
collected by Peyron, Leipzig 1810 ; Karsten, Amster- 
dam 1830; Brandis, Comm. Hleat. Altona 1813; 
Vatke, Berlin 1864; Stein, Symb. philol. Bonn. 
Leipzig 1867; V. Revue Phil. 1883, 5: 1884, 9. 
Berger, Die Zonenlehre d. Parm. Miinchen, 1895. 


(a) FRaGMENTS oF PARMENIDES. 


v 
“Imrot tai pe bépovow, cov 7’ él Oupos ixdvor, 
/ > / b} e \ n 
Tremor, étrel pw’ és odov Bicav tworddnuov dyoveat 
5 s A \ / b] eS ae / O77 rn 
aimovos i) Kata TavT avTi dépe iddta Porta. 
a , a / 4 
7H Pepopnv: TH yap we ToAppacTor hépov trot 
e a c 
5 appa tiraivovea.: xotpas & odor 2 ELOvEvov. 
» Py b fal i / > \ 
afov 8 év xvoujow <ie> cdpuyyos authv 


THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: PARMENIDES 87 


120/ a \ 3 r al 
aiPopevos (Sovots yap érrelyeto Suvwtoiow 
KiKrois aupotépwOev), te oTEpYolaTO TeuTELY 
‘“Hyuddes Kodpas, mporwrrodcar SoOpata vuKTos, 


Sources and Critical Notes. 


1-30. (Followed without break by 53-58) Sext. Emp. Math. vii. 111. 
Cf. Porphyrius, de antro nymph. ch. 22. 28-32. Simpl. de coelo 
557, 25. 28-30. Laer. Diog. ix. 22. 29-30. Plut. adv. Colot. 1114 p. 
Prokl. Tim. p. 1053; Clem. Al. Strom. v. p. 682. 

Vv. 6-8 Karsten transfers toa position after v. 10 (order: 5, 9, 10, 6, 
7,8, 11),comma at end of v. 5 and period at end of v.8. Stein transfers 
vv. 4-8 to a position after v. 21, and changes daiuovos of v. 3 to da/woves 
in apposition with ‘HAiddes xovpa. Order: 3,9,10...20, 21,4,5... 
7, 8, where a break occurs, and v. 22 begins a new section. 

V.2: SV (nowy. V.3: MSS. mdvra 7H pepe, Karst. mdv7’ ada7 
¢., Hermann kal rdv7’ adrh, Stein ravra wdbn. Diels compares 
v. 32 and Verg. Aen. vi. 565. V.4: C epopévny, G pépoua. 
V.6: Karsten inserts te. V.7: G aic@duevos, Stein ax Oduevos : 
GR énhyeto, C éerfyetos V. 10: MSS. xparepév, except G 
Kparepais, corr. Karsten. V. 12: MSS. kal opas. V. 14: 
CRV Siknv. V.17: FG rais. V. 20: MSS. CGRV apnpéra 77, 
Hermann dpnpétas fj. V. 25: V tra: R re, other MSS. ral. 
V. 26: CR otra, G otre. V.27: Stein tnAov for exrds. V. 
28: CR reidec@ar. V.29: Prokl. eipéyyeos, Simpl. edxurdréos : 
Plut., Diog., Sext. L arpexés ; text follows Prokl. and other MSS. 
of Sext. Stein compares Sextus’s explanation émerakiynrov 215 6. 
V. 31: Steinlsuggests roiro. V. 32: MSS. elva, corr. Karsten. 


TRANSLATION. 


(Prooemium) The horses which bear me con- 
ducted me as far as desire may go, when they had 
brought me speeding along to the far-famed road 
of a divinity who herself bears onward through all 

5 things the man of understanding. Along this road 
I was borne, along this the horses, wise indeed, bore 
me hastening the chariot on, and maidens guided 
my course. The axle in its box, enkindled by the 
heat, uttered the sound of a pipe (for it was driven 
on by the rolling wheels on either side), when the 
maiden daughters of Helios hastened to conduct me 


88 
10 


15 


20 


25 


30 


35 


THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


lal \ / 
eis hdos, @odmeval KPAaTOY aro YEpot KadUTTTpAS. 
> 4, 
fv0a TvdaL vUKTOS TE Kal HuaTos cio KENEVOOD, 
/ > / 
kal ohas brrépOupor apdis Zyet Kal Nawvos ovdos, 
n / / 
avtal & aidépias TAHvTar peyddovor Oupétpors. 
al > s 
tav 53 Aiken rodvrrowos ever KAnidas aporBors. 
a al / 
tiv 8 Tappdpevar Kovpar wadaKotor NoyoLowW 
lal \ > fol 
méiocay érippadéws, Ws odiv Badaverov oxja 
> / ” / »” \ ys fa} / 
amréepéws Mose TUAZMY Aro. Tal 5 Oupétpwv 
xdop’ ayaves Toincay avaTrTdmevat, TONVYAaNKOVS 
{ . \ G 
d£ovas év cipuyEw apuoiBadov eiriEacan, 

2 lal ’ fal 
youdos Kal Tepovyow apnpdTe’ TH pa dv adtav 
72\ ” a y oe \ e » eg 
(Ods éyov Kodpas kal’ duakirov appa Kal tarovs. 

\ , ¢ , a \ \ 
kai we Oca mpodppav wredeEaTo, yetpa 52 yeupt 
\ ef. e o 0 / U /, 
Sefvrepiyy Erev, we S Eros Hato Kai pe rpocnida * 
® Kodp’ GBavdrovor cuvHopos Hvioyo.cL, 
immo tai ce pépovow ixdvev jpérepor 60, 
yap, 2irel ove oe potpa Kaxi mpovrewre véeoOa 
/ 8 550 5 \ > \ Nog 3 0 , b) \ , b] / 
THVO O0oVv* % yap aT’ avOpeTwv éxTos TaTOU éoTlY* 
Gra Demis Te Sikn Te. ypéw 8é ce wdvta rubécbat, 
> ~ > / > / > \ io 
nuev adnOeins evrreOéos atpzuis rop, 
02 Bpdrwv SdEas Ths ob« 2 rlatis ddnOns. 
> + ed \ n tA e \ rn 
aN’ Eurrns Kai TadTa pabjosa, ws Ta SoKodvTA 
\ / lal lal 
XpN Soxipws Kpivar Sia wavros wdvta Tepovta. 


\ \ 
Ta Tpos adHOevav. 

en eee ae 8 , ’ aA 
el 0 dy’, yar epg, Kdpuroas 83 od pvOov axovcas, 

trZ € \ an A 
aitep od0i podvar difjords stor vofoau. 

e X ing »” 
HEV OT MS ECT TE Kai WS OvK ZoTL ph ElvaL 








33-40. Prokl. Tim. 1058. 35-40. Simpl. Phys. 25 r 116,28. 40b-. 
Plot. Ennead, v. 1, 8, p. 489; Clem. Al. Strom. 749. 


V. 33: MSS. &ye ray, corr. Karsten. V.34: MSS. povoa, corr. 
Brandis. V. 38: Prokl. 3 #rot: Simpl. ravarevdéa, Stein 
mavanesdi, text follows Prokl. V. 39 Prokl. egpicroy, text follows 
Simpl. Stein compares Simpl. D 109, 24; 111, 25. 


THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: PARMENIDES 89 


10 to the light, leaving the realms of night, pushing 


15 


20 


30 


aside with the hand the veils from their heads. 
There is the gate between the ways of day and night ; 
lintel above it, and stone threshold beneath, hold it 
in place, and high in air it is fitted with great doors ; 
retributive Justice holds the keys that open and 
shut them.' However, the maidens addressed her 
with mild words, and found means to persuade her 
to thrust back speedily for them the fastened bolt from 
the doors; and the gate swinging free made the 
opening wide, turning in their sockets the bronze 
hinges, well fastened with bolts and nails; then 
through this the maidens kept horses and chariot 
straight on the high-road. The goddess received 
me with kindness, and, taking my right hand in 
hers, she addressed me with these words :—Youth 
joined with drivers immortal, who hast come with 
the horses that bear thee, to our dwelling, hail! 
since no evil fate has bid thee come on this road 
(for it lies far outside the beaten track of men), 
but right and justice. ’Tis necessary for thee to 
learn all things, both the abiding essence of per- 
suasive truth, and men’s opinions in which rests 
no true belief. But nevertheless these things also 
thou shalt learn, since it is necessary to judge 


~ accurately the things that rest on opinion, passing 


35 


all things carefully in review. 


ConcEeRNING TRUTH. 


Come now I will tell thee—and do thou hear my 
word and heed it—what are the only ways of 
enquiry that lead to knowledge. The one way, 


! Archiv f. d. Gesch. d. Phil. iii. p. 173. 


90 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


mevOovs gare KédEv0os, dnnGely yap omqdei 

i & @s ode EoTw TE Kal OS xpeay goTl pn ElLvat 

si 5 Toe ppato mavaTrevbéa z, Eyer érapirée , 

ode vap av ryvoins TO YE pr gov" ov yap avuoTov * 
40 ore dpdaats. 7d yap avo voeiv éotiv te Kal etvat. 


\ / se | 
Evvov 6¢ pot éotwy, 
émmobev dpEwpat, 7O0e yap wadw iEopar adOrs. 


xn TO eyew Te vosiv 7 gov Eupevar. got. yap 
eivat, 
pndav & ove sivas, Ta 0° ey@ ppaleOar avwya, 

45 mparns yap o° ad’ 0800 tadrns Subijovos < eipywo> 
abtap erreur’ ard Tihs, tv 8) Bporol eiddres oddev 
mrdtovras Sixpavor aynyavin yap év avTov 
otnOeow (Over TAaYKTOV Voov: of 5 popedyTaL 
Kool ouas tuprol te TeOnTroTEs Axpita Hora, 

50 ols rd wéNew Te Kal ovK Elval TOUTOV VEevOmLoTAaL 
Kov TaUTOV, TavTwY 52 TadivTpoTos éaTL KEdEVOOS. 
ov yap un mote TOUT Saph, Hyow, eivar pn zovTA 
aA od THAS ad’ o800 Sifjovos eipye vonua’ 





41-42. Prokl. Parm. ii. 120; Vulg. &ptoua: corr. Karst. 


43-51. Simpl. Phys. 251117, 4. 438-44. Ibid. 19 r 86, 27. 45. Cf. Ibid. 
17r78, 6. 50. Ibid. 17178, 3. 


V. 43: F réov, aDE (19: 86) 7d bv. V.44: MSS. (19: 86) anda 
(25: 117): D un Be of8’", F off, LH wh Sé01 8: f elvar, DEF (25: 
117) or. V.45: Diels supplies e%pyw, Stein concludes the 
line likey. 52. V.47 DEF madrrovrai, text follows a. Vv. 50, 
51: Diels rairdy. 


53-588 follow 1-32 in Sext. Emp. 52-53. Plato, Soph. 237 a, 258p; 
Arist. Met. xiii. 1089; Simpl. Phys. 29 v 135, 21; 317143, 31; 53v 
apy 53. Simpl. Phys. 11178, 6; 152v 650,13. 54-56. Diog. Laer. 

V. 52: Plato, rodr’ obdauf, Arist. rodro dajjs Simpl. 5au%, corr. Stein. 
Karsten omits v. 52. V.55: Bergk evoxorov. V.56: CRV 
xplve, G xpwav; L woatrepov. Vulg. dye, corr. Burnet. Stein 


ngs v. 53, and transfers 54-57a to the prooemium following 


40 


45 


50 


THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: PARMENIDES 91 


assuming that being is and that it is impossible for 
it not to be, is the trustworthy path, for truth 
attends it. The other, that not-being is and that 
it necessarily is, I call a wholly incredible course, 
since thou canst not recognise not-being (for this is 
impossible), nor couldst thou speak of it, for thought 
and being are the same thing. 


It makes no difference to me at what point I 
begin, for I shall always come back again to this. 


It is necessary both to say and to think that being 
is ; for it is possible that being is, and it is impos- 
sible that not-being is; this is what I bid thee 
ponder. I restrain thee from this first course of 
investigation; and from that course also along 
which mortals knowing nothing wander aimlessly, 
since helplessness directs the roaming thought in 
their bosoms, and they are borne on deaf and like- 
wise blind, amazed, headstrong races, they who 
consider being and not-being as the same and not 
the same; and that all things follow a back-turning 
course. ' 


That things which are not are, shall never 
prevail, she said, but do thou restrain thy mind 
from this course of investigation. 


' Stein, Symbol. p. 782; Bernays, Rhein. Mus. vii. 115; Zeller, 738 
and n. 1, 


92 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


c A / / 
pndé o° 00s modvrretpoy Oddy Kata THVdE Bracbw 
lal \ / > / 
55 vepay doKotrov Oupa Kai nYynEeToay aKkouny 
\ a a 8: / sO Zr 
Kal yA@ooar, Kpivat 0 Noywy ToNVONpLY ELEY XOV 
v fo) ¢ na 
2& 2ud0ev pnOevta. jovos & ert p0Oos odoto 
/ id ov 4 8’ ois. & 4 9 
Aelrerat, ws tot. TavTn 8 emi onpar’ Zacr 
/ 
TOANA Man’, os ayévnTov ov Kal avodreOpov zou, 
60 oddov povvoyevés Te Kal aTpewis 70 ATENEOTOV. 
> | 4 >Q9 2 \ n ” € a a 
ove Trot’ Hv ov0’ Zorae eel viv ZoTLV OMod TAY, 
ef / / \ / / > a 
&v, Euveyés: tiva yap yévvay Sifjoeat avtod ; 
Ae. Tae s af 29\r9 Vp es 27 
wh TwoOEev avénbér ; ovT’ éx pun eovTOS Zav@ 
/ ’ LANBS a > Nt \ Qr x 
pdcOat o” obb2 voeiv: ob yap hatov ovde vonTov 
65 éoriv draws ovK ott. ti 8 av ply Kal ypéos WpoEV, 
A x L4 a \ ’ / fal 
vorepov 7) Tpoabev Tod pndevos apEdpevov pov ; 
x 
ovTws }) Taprrav TéEvaL YpEwV zoTLV 7) OVX. 
> / ” / / 
oveé mot’ Ex my sovTos epyoe. TiaTLos lays 
/ / a 
ylvecOal ti Tap’ ado: Tod elvexev ote yevéa0ar 
bs + aA 
70 ov’ OdAdXVEOaL avijKe Ain yadrdcaca Tédnow 
> so” 
aX’ Ex et. 


[) 52 xpiows wept TovT@Vv év TOS’ EveoTiV] 





57 b-112 (except 90-93). Simpl. Phys. 31: 145-146. 57b-59. Ibid. 
31 r 142, 34. 57 b-70. Ibid. 17 r 78, 12. 59-60. Clem. Al. Strom. v. 716; 
Euseb. Praep. xiii. 680 c. 59-61. Simpl. Phys..7 r 30,1. 60. Plut. adv. 
Col. 1114p; Euseb. Praep. i. 23; Theod. Ther. Ser. iv. 7 ; Phil. Phys. 
B5r: 65; Simpl. de Caelo 557, 17; Phys. 26 x 120, 23. 60a. Simpl. 
Phys. 19 r 87, 21; Plut. Strom. 5; Dox. 580. 61. Ammon. on Herm. 
D7 (=Cramer A. P. 1388); Philop. Phys. 5 r: 65; Prokl. Parm. iv. 
62. 62-66. Simpl. Phys. 34 v 162,18. 62-65. Simpl. de Caelo, 137, 1. 


V. 57: Stein udvns: V dé m1, CH d¢ ro, FG Bé ye. V.60: Plut. 
Strom. 5 reads podvoy for oddAov: a (17: 78) aréAevrov, MSS. 
(26: 120) and Dow. 284 and 580 &yévnrov. V. 62: F diChoerat, 
V. 66: D (31: 145) pwndauas: B (81: 145) ab&duevov: Da (17: 
78) a (31: 145) piva, EB iv. Cf. Stein, p. 786. V. 68: MSS. 
& ye uh bvros, DE om. vé, Karst. é« rod édyros, Stein & ye 
médovtos. Corr. Diels, paraphrasing Simpl. 78, 27. V. 70: 
EF Bergk, Diels ré5now. V. 71b: v. Stein, Symbol. 787. 
V. 73: aDE dyévnrov; text follows F. V.75: MSS. érera 
médo ro, corr. Karsten, Stein dardaorro médov : MSS. &y, corr. 
Stein. V. 76: EF éyéver’, D éyer’, corr. Bergk. 


55 


60 


65 


70 


THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: PARMENIDES 93 


And let not long-practised habit compel thee 
along this path, thine eye careless, thine ear and thy 
tongue overpowered by noise; but do thou weigh 
the much contested refutation of their words, which 


I have uttered. 


There is left but this single path to tell thee of : 
namely, that being is. And on this path there 
are many proofs that being is without beginning and 
indestructible ; it is universal, existing alone, im- 
movable and without end; nor ever was it nor will it 
be, since it now is, all together, one, and continuous. 
For what generating of it wilt thou seek out ? From 
what did it grow, and how? I will not permit 
thee to say or to think that it came from not-being ; 
for it is impossible to think or to say that not-being 
is. What thing would then have stirred it into 
activity that it should arise from not-being later 
rather than earlier? So it is necessary that being 
either is absolutely or is not. Nor will the force 
of the argument permit that anything spring from 
being except being itself. Therefore justice does 
not slacken her fetters to permit generation or de- 


struction, but holds being firm. 


(The decision as to these things comes in at 


this point.) 


94 


75 


80 


85 


90 


THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


Zor  ovk & d & ody Ootrep avayK 

i obn Eotw. Kéxpurar 0 ody p avayKn, 
THY bev eav aueyrav, av@vupov' ov ‘yap drys 
goriv 650s: THY & woTE TédEW Kal arg runon elvat. 
aras 8 av ereit’ ardXowro éov ; Tas 8 ad KE yévolTo ; 
el yap éyévt’ ovK Bor’ od8’ ei rote wérev foeo Oar. 
Tas yéveots piv aréaBeotar Kal drrvoTos OdeOpos. 
ovee SvalpeTov éoTWW, érrel wav éotiv opotor* 

oved TL TH padrov, TO KEV Elpryou py owvixeo bat, 
ovod TL xetporepor, wav & auechaon 2 got eovTos. 

7? Euvexes Tav eT, gov yp éovTe TwEera€et. 

avrap axivytov weyddwv év Treipace Seopov 

Zot, dvapyov, atravoTor, eet yéveois Kal brcOpos 
Tire pan etrayyOnoav, arace dé riotis adnOys. 
TovToV T ev TOUTO TE pevov KAY EwUTO TE KEITAL, 
yotrws gumedov adOc péver* Kpatepr) yap avaryKn 
me(patos ev Secpotow Fyel, TO pw apis eépryer. 
otvekev OUK GTENEUTHTOV TO Zov Oeuts Eivat: 

éoTl yap ovK emidevés, cov 8 av mavtos edziro. 


Nedoce 8 Opwws atredvTa vo@ mapeovra BeBaios: 
ov yap amotunters Th gov TH govTos exer Gas 





77. De Caelo, 559,115. 78. Simpl. Phys. 19 r 86, 24, 31 r 143, 3; 
81. Simpl. Phys. 86, 22; 87, 23. Plot. Enmead. vi. 4, 4, 6484; Prokl. 
Parm. ii. 62 and 120; Philop. B 5: 65. 82-89 (except 85). Simpl. Phys. 
9 r 39, 26. 82-84. Ibid. 17 v 79, 32. 85-89. Ibid. 7 r 30,6; 9r 40, 3. 
85. Prokl. Parm. iv. 32. Simpl. Phys. 31 r 143, 15. 


V.78: Fdiupéreov, V.79: For paddoy Stein reads nev edy. V. 
80: F 5é rAgov. V.82: D dkwhrwv. V.84: MSS. 7ri8e, corr. 
Scal. DHF éradx@noay, corr. a. V. 85: Diels rairdv, 
ravT@, éavTd. Simpl. 30, 6 omits the last re. V.86: C odx obtws, 
a ovrws, text from DF. V.88: Stein réAov. V. 89: Simpl. 
uh edby St dy wayrds. Karsten reads émidevés in three syllables 
and puts xe for &v. Preller omits uf. Stein considers these 
views untenable, and finds a break, probably longer than one 
line, after émidevés. 


90-93. Clem. Al. Strom. v. 2, 653. 90. Theod. Ther. Ser. i. 13. 


V.90: Stein suggests awedy te véw mapedy re BeBaly. V. 91: 
Stein réAov: Vulg. adroruhte:, corr. Brandis. MSS. rd édv rod, 
corr. Preller, comparing vy. 105 and 108. 


75 


80 


85 


90 


THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: PARMENIDES 95 


. Hither being exists or it does not exist. It has 
been decided in accordance with necessity to leave the 
unthinkable, unspeakable path, as this is not the 
true path, but that the other path exists and is true. 
How then should being suffer destruction? How 
come into existence? If it came into existence, it is 
not being, nor will it be if it ever is to come into 
existence. . . . So its generation is extinguished, 
and its destruction is proved incredible. 


Nor is it subject to division, for it is all alike ; 
nor is anything more in it, so as to prevent its co- 
hesion, nor anything less, but all is full of being; 
therefore the all is continuous, for being is con- 
tiguous to being. 


Farther it is unmoved, in the hold of great 
chains, without beginning or end, since generation 
and destruction have completely disappeared and 
true belief has rejected them. It lies the same, 
abiding in the same state and by itself; accordingly 
it abides fixed in the same spot. For powerful neces- 
sity holds it in confining bonds, which restrain it on 
all sides. Therefore divine right does not permit 
being to have any end ; but it is lacking in nothing, 
for if it lacked anything it would lack everything.' 


Nevertheless, behold steadfastly all absent things 
as present to thy mind ; for thou canst not separate 


! Following Karsten and Preller ; Stein rejects the interpretation. 


96 


95 


100 


105 


110 


THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


\ , 
ode oKLOVapEvov TAYTH TAYTWS KATA KOTMLOV 
ovTE TUVLOTApEVOV. 
by 5 \ a \ A / > 4 
twvtTov & gor) vosiv Te Kal OUVEKEV ETL VONLA. 
al @ / 
ov yap dvev Tod eovtos, gv 6 TepaTicpevoy eoTiv, 
a x 
ebphoeis TO vosiv. ovdev xptos EoTW 7) EaTAL 
s rn \ / lal 
Gro wapeE Tod zdvTos, erat TO ye pop’ earéOnoev 
S > / , sy n ‘A + ee 4 bie 
odAov akivntov 7 Euevar. TO TaVT Ovo ETTAaL 
/ 3 a 
bcca Bpotol Katébevto, rerrovOores sivas anrnO7, 
/ ty 
yivecOal te kal OAAVoOaL, Elva‘ TE Kal OKI, 
Kal Témrov adddAdooew Sia Te ypoa havov apetBew. 
\ a t 
avrap eel melpas TUpatov, TeTEAEopévov zoTt 
/ > tA sg > / y 
mavrTobev, evKUKNOU ohaipns EVANIYKLOY OYKO, 
/ N lal 
pscodbey icorradis TavTn* TO Yap ovTE TL petfov 
/ rn a 
ote Te Baworepov Trédevat YpE@V zoTL TH 7) TH. 
\ , lal 
ote yap ovK eo éoTL, TO KEV TraVoL py ikveto Oat 
4 / \ 
eis Omov, ovT’ éov Zotw Straws eln Kev 2ovTOS 
TH padrNrov TH S’ hocov, eel Trav got dovdrov. 
? \ U = a 
el yap wavTobev icov omes év TEipact KUpEl. 


Ta mpos do€av. 


a , \ 
év TO COL Tavow TLOTOV AOYoY HOE VOnMA 
> ‘ > / 4 a 
apis arnOeins: Sofas 8 amo todde Bporetas 





94-112. Simpl. Phys. 31 v 146, 7. 94-98. Ibid. 19 r 87, 13 and 86, 31. 
94-96. Ibid. 317 143,22. 98. Plat. Theaet. 180 2, and from this Simpl. 
Phys. Tr 29,18. 103-105. Plat. Soph. 244%; from Plato, Simpl. Phys. 
12r 52, 23; 19 v 89, 22; Stob. Hcl. i. 15, p. 352. 103-104. Arist. de 
X.Z.G. ch. 2 and 4; Prokl. Tim. 160p; Simpl. Phys. 27r 126, 
22 and 127, 31; 29 v 137,16. 104-105. Prokl. Parm. iv. p. 62. 


V. 95: DZ (87,15) wepwrispévov, V. 96: (19: 86, 13) odd8v yap 


éotiv, (31: 146) 008° ef xpdvos éoriv, corr. Stein. V. 98: Text 
from Simpl. 19: 87. Simpl. 31: 146 rdvt’ dvéuacru. Plato 
olov akivnrov ft reAdber TH wdytit Svow’ elvar. V.100: MSS, 
ovx!, corr. Karst. V.105: H and Plato xpedv. V. 102: Kar- 
sten abtap émi, Stein airdp édy. V. 106: DEF avo, text 
from a: F' xweioOau, Stein ixéoOa. V. 107: MSS. ore dv, 
corr.a. DEF kai év, a kevdv, corr. Karsten. V. 109: DEF oi 
yap, a 7 ydo, Diels ei ydp or § ydp: MSS. «upe?, corr. Stein. 


95 


100 


105 


110 


THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: PARMENIDES 97 


being in one place from contact with being in an- 
other place; it is not scattered here and there 
through the universe, nor is it compounded of parts. 


Therefore thinking and that by reason of which 
thought exists are one and the same thing, for thou 
wilt not find thinking without the being from which 
it receives its name. Nor is there nor will there be 
anything apart from being; for fate has linked it 
together, so that it is a whole and immovable. 
Wherefore all these things will be but a name, all 
these things which mortals determined in the belief 
that they were true, viz. that things arise and perish, 
that they are and are not, that they change their 
position and vary in colour. 


But since there is a final limit, it is perfected on 
every side, like the mass of a rounded sphere, 
equally distant from the centre at every point. For 
it is necessary that it should neither be greater at 
all nor less anywhere, since there is no not-being 
which can prevent it from arriving at equality, nor 
is being such that there may ever be more than 
what is in one part and less in another, since the 
whole is inviolate. For if it is equal on all sides, 
it abides in equality within its limits. 


CoNCERNING OPINIONS. 


At this point I cease trustworthy discourse and 
the thought about truth; from here on, learn the 
opinions of mortals, hearing of the illusive order of 
my verses. 

H 


98 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


’ > a DI / > \ > uA 
pavOave, wher now guav éréov aTaTnov aKxovov. 
poppas yap katé0evto Svo venues ovopalew 
Tov plav ov pe? goTw, ev @ PERG EVOL elolv. 

115 avtia 8 ve coed Sguas Kal onuat’ 0evTo 
xepis an addqphoov, TH pev Proyos aifépvoy Up 
ijmvov Saper dpaioy, éavT@® TAVTOTE TWOUTOD, 

7@ & érépp pr) Tadrdv: atap KaKéeivo Kat’ avTod 
dvtla vin’ adah, wuKivov Sduas éuBpwbés te. 

120 trav cot éyw Sidkocpov goixoTa Tavta patito, 
ds ob pn Tote Tis ce BpoTdy yvoun wapedacn. 


\ Le / 
avtap éreid) Tdvta pdos Kal vvE ovopacrat 
4 a a4 fal 
Kal Ta KaTa odetépas Suvdpets ei Toll TE Kal Tots, 
n s 2 \ c a s ‘, \ > s 
may TA€ov eoTly Omov pdgos Kal VUKTOS apayToU, 
” > / > \ > / U / 
125 icwv audorépar, érrel ovdeTépw wera pdév. 


ai yap oreworepat aay Tupos CT, 


ai © él tats yuKTos, poeta & proves | ieTae aioa, 


> / 
éy 68 péo@ TOUTwY Saipwr, 1) TavTa KUBEpvG. 





110-121. Simpl. Phys. 9r 38, 30. 110-119. Ibid. 7 v 30, 4. 113-119. 
Ibid. 88 r180,1. 110-113. Simpl. de Coelo 138, Peyr. 55 sq. 
V. 113; (9138) DEF yvepuas. 110-111. Phys. 9 r 41,8 (7 v 30 and 
38 r 180 all MSS. give yreéuas and Stein prefers this, p. 794). V. 
117: (9 r 39) DE, (39 r 180) DEF Hmov dpady érappdy (Zorw a), 
7x 30, and (9r 39) al’ Hmov by wey dpardy edrappdy, RP Aerrdy 
dpudy édAappdy, text follows Stein V. 118: (9139) aHF 
(89 r 180) af, (7 v 31) MSS. kar’ aité: (9r 39) DE kara 
tavrov, text follows Stein, who uses first letter of the next line. 
V.119: F kar’ airé rayria, aDE révartia, text from Stein by 
change of Tto Y. V. 120: MSS. 7rdv, corr. Karsten. V. 121: 
Stein reads yvdun. 
122-125. Simpl. Phys, 39 r 180, 9. 
V. 125: D ioov, Stein suggests aupdrepor. 
126-128. Ibid. 939,14. 127-131, Ibid. 7 v 31, 13. 
V. 126: E*D! wdnvro, D*E rinvro, a rolnvyto, corr. Bergk: DE* 
axphros; a axplrowo, corr. Stein. V.127: EH ofera. V.129: 


MSS. wdvra, Mullach mdytn, Stein maow: aF épxn, text 
follows DE, V.130: Stein suggests uryjv, ré 7’, 


115 


120 


125 


THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: PARMENIDES 99 


Men have determined in their minds to name two 
principles [lit. forms]; but one of these they ought 
not to name, and in so doing they have erred. They 
distinguish them as antithetic in character, and give 
them each character and attributes distinct from 
those of the other. On the one hand there is the 
aethereal flame of fire, fine, rarefied, everywhere 
identical with itself and not identical with its oppo- 
site; and on the other hand, opposed to the first, is 
the second principle, flameless darkness, dense and 
heavy in character. Of these two principles I declare 
to thee every arrangement as it appears to men, so 


that no knowledge among mortals may surpass thine. 


But since all things are called light and darkness, 
and the peculiar properties of these are predicated of 
one thing and another, everything is at the same 
time full of light and of obscure darkness, of both 
equally, since neither has anything in common with 


the other. 


And the smaller circles are filled with unmixed 
fire, and those next them with darkness into which 
their portion of light penetrates; in the midst of 


these is the divinity who directs the course of all. 


H 2 


100 


130 


135 


140 


145 


150 


THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


, a / \ / + ‘ 
mavtn yap otvyepoto ToKov Kal piEvos apxei 
2 rc s > 
réumova’ dpaoeve Orv puyev 76 7’ évavtuov aves 
dpaev Onrutépo. 


mparictov piv" Epwra Oedv pnticato TAVTOV. 
elon & aideplav te piow Ta 7 ev aibépe TAVTG 
onpata Kal Kkabapas edaryéos 7edLoL0 
Aapwmrddos Epy’ aidnra nal ommdbev e€eyzvovto, 
Zoya Te KiKAwTOS Tevon TEpipolTa cEhyvNS 
kal pvow. eidjosis Te Kal oipavov audis ExovTa, 
vOev Edu re, Kal ds pu ayova’ érednoev “Avaynn 
melpar’ Fyew aotpav. 

Tas yala Kal ros noe ceAHVH 
aidjp te Evvos yada 7’ odpdviov Kal "OdvpTros 
Zryatos 7d dotpwv Oeppov pévos wpunOncav 
yiver Oat. 
vuxtipass mepl yaiav dd@pevov addoTpLov Pos 


. \ al 
alist TaTTaivovea Tpos avyas nEhLoto 


@s yap sxdoror yer Kpaows wedgov TOAVKALTTOD, 
Tas voos avOperroiot TapéoTHKEV* TO Yap AUTO 
Zorw Strep ppovéer perewv pvors avOporoiow 

Kal Taow Kal Tavti* TO yap Wréov éoTl Vonma. 


deEvtepoiow pév Kovpous, Naoto 52 Kovpas. 





132. Plato, Symp. 178 B; Arist. Met.i. 4, 984 b 26; Plut. Amat. 756 F ; 
Sext. Emp. Math. ix.9; Stob. Hel. i. 10, p. 274; Simpl.Phys. 9 r 39, 18. 

133-139. Clem. Al. Strom. vy. 14, 732. Stein assigns to Empedokles. 

140-143. Simpl. de Coelo f. 138: Peyr. 55 sqq., Brandis 510a. 


VY. 140: Stein introduces Aéyeww before rws from what precedes. 


144. Plut. Colot. p. 1116. 
145. Plut. Quaest. Rom. 2824; de fac. lun. 929 a. 
146-149. Arist. Met. iii. 5, 1009 b 17; Theophr. de sens. 3; Dox. 499. 


V. 146: Text follows Arist. SB°C*, Theophr. PF; Vulg. éxaoros-: 


MSS. xpaow, corr. Stephan. V. 147: Arist. wapiorara; text 
follows Theophr. 


150. Galen, Hipp. Epid. vi. 48; Comm. ii. (ix. p. 430 Char). 


130 


135 


140 


145 


150 


150 


THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: PARMENIDES 101 


For she controls dreaded birth and coition in every 
part of the universe, sending female to join with 
male, and again male to female. 

First of all the gods she devised love. 

Thou shalt know the nature of the heavens and 
all signs that are in the sky, the destructive deeds of 
the pure bright torch of the sun and whence they 
arose, and thou shalt learn the wandering deeds of the 
round-eyed moon and its nature. Thou shalt know’ 
also the sky surrounding all, whence it arose, and 
how necessity took it and chained it so as to serve as 
a limit.to the courses of the stars. How earth and 
sun and moon and common sky and the milky way 
of the heavens and highest Olympos and the burning 
(might of the) stars began to be. 

It (the moon) wanders about the earth, shining 
at night with borrowed light. She is always gazing 
earnestly toward the rays of the sun. 

For as at any time is the blending of very com- 
plex members in a man, so is the mind in men con- 
stituted; for that which thinks is the same in all 
men and in every man, viz. the essence of the 
members of the body; and the element that is in 
excess is thought. 

On the right hand boys, on the left hand girls. 

So, according to men’s opinions, did things 
arise, and so they are now, and from this state when 
they shall have reached maturity shall they perish. 
For each of these men has determined a name as 
a distinguishing mark. 

When male and female mingle seed of Venus 
in the form [the body] of one, the excellence from 
the two different bloods, if it preserves harmony, 
fashions a well-formed body ; but if when the seed is 
mingled the excellencies fight against each other 


102 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


a ? 
oltw To Kata Sdkav Epuv Tade viv TE Fact, 
\ rn , 
Ka) petérect amo TobdE TeAUTHTOVTL TpapEeVTa. 
lal / 
rots § dvoya avOpwrros xatéOevt’ érionpov ExaoTo. 


Kars. (150) Femina virque simul Veneris cum germina 
miscent 
unius in formam diverso ex sanguine virtus 
temperiem servans bene condita corpora fingit. 
at si virtutes permixto semine pugnent 
nec faciant unam permixto in corpore dirae 
nascentem gemino vexabunt semine sexum. 


Simpl. Phys. 7, v. 81, 4. él rddé os TO dpavov Kat 
To Oeppov Kal Td pads Kal TO parOaxov Kal TO Kovpor, ert 
’ , 
82 rvKvd @vowactat TO Yuypov Kal o Cogos Kal oxAnpov 
kal Bapv: Tadta yap aexplOn Exatépws Exarépa. 





151-153. Simpl. de Coelo f. 188; Peyr. 55 sq., Gaisf. Poet. Min. 287. 

V. 151: MSS. @pv, corr. Stein. MSS. (kat) voy gaor, Peyr. viv re 

éaot, Stein viv kal fao1. V.153: Text follows Oxford MS.: 
Turin MS. transposes last two words. 


150-155. (Karsten) Coelius Aurel. de Morb. Chron. iv. 9, p. 545 


Wet. RP.102c. V. (151) Vulg. venis informans, corr. Diels, Dox. 193, 
n.1, 


and do not unite into one, they will distress the sex 
that is coming into existence, as the twofold seed is 
mingled in the body of the unfortunate woman. 

With this there are fineness and heat and light 
and softness and brightness; and with the dense 
are classed cold and darkness and hardness and 
weight, for these are separated the ones on one 
side, the others on the other. 


THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: PARMENIDES 103 


b) PassaGES RELATING TO PARMENIDES IN PLATO AND 
ARISTOTLE. 


Plato, Theaet. 180p. I almost forgot, Theodoros, 
that there were others who asserted opinions the very 
opposite of these: ‘ the all is alone, unmoved ; to this 
all names apply,’ and the other emphatic statements 
in opposition to those referred to, which the school of 
Melissos and Parmenides make, to the effect that all 
things are one, and that the all stands itself in itself, not 
having space in which it is moved. 

Ibid. 183 8. Feeling ashamed before Melissos and the 
rest who assert that the all is one being, for fear we should 
examine the matter somewhat crudely, 1am even more 
ashamed in view of the fact that Parmenides is one of 
them. Parmenides seems to me, in the words of Homer, 
a man to be reverenced and at the same time feared. 
For when I was a mere youth and he a very old man, 
I conversed with him, and he seemed to me to have an 
exceedingly wonderful depth of mind. I fear lest we 
may not understand what he said, and that we may 
fail still more to understand his thoughts in saying it; 
and, what is most important, I fear lest the question 
before us should fail to receive due consideration. . . . ' 

Soph. 238 c (concluding a discussion of Parmenides). 
You understand then that it is really impossible to speak 
of not-being or to say anything about it or to conceive 
it by itself, but it is inconceivable, not to be spoken of or 
mentioned, and irrational. 

-Parm. 1508. Accordingly the unity itself in relation 
to itself is as follows: Having in itself neither greatness 
nor littleness, it could not be exceeded by itself nor 
-could it exceed itself, but being equal it would be equal 
to itself. 


' Cf. Soph. 217 c. 


104 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


lbid. 163 c. This statement: It does not exist, means. 
absolutely that it does not exist anywhere in any way, 
nor does not-being have any share at all in being. 
Accordingly not-being could not exist, nor in any other 
way could it have a share in being. 

(Symp. 178 B, 195 c: Reference to the stories which 
Hesiod and Parmenides told about the gods. Line 132 
is quoted.) 

Arist. Phys. i. 2; 184b16. The first principle must 
be one, unmoved, as Parmenides and Melissos say, .. . 

Ibid. i. 3; 186a4. To those proceeding after this 
impossible manner things seem to be one, and it is not 
difficult to refute them from their own statements. For 
both of them reason in a fallacious manner, both 
Parmenides and Melissos ; for they make false assump- 
tions, and at the same time their course of reasoning is 
not logical. . . . And the same sort of arguments are 
used by Parmenides, although he has some others of his 
own, and the refutation consists in showing both that he 
makes mistakes of fact and that he does not draw his 
conclusions correctly. He makes a mistake in assuming 
that being is to be spoken of absolutely, speaking of it 
thus many times ; and he draws the false conclusion that, 
in case only whites are considered, white meaning 
one thing, none the less there are many whites and 
not one; since neither in the succession of things nor 
in the argument will whiteness be one. For what is 
predicated of white will not be the same as what is pre- 
dicated of the object which is white, and nothing except 
white will be separated from the object; since there is 
no other ground of separation except the fact that the 
white is different from the object in which the white 
exists. But Parmenides had not yet arrived at the 
knowledge of this. 


Ibid. i. 5; 188420. Parmenides also makes heat 


THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: PARMENIDES 105 


and cold first principles; and he calls them fire and 
earth. 

Ibid. iti. 6; 207215. Wherefore we must regard 
Parmenides as a more acute thinker than Melissos, for 
the latter says that the infinite is the all, but the former 
asserts that the allis limited, equally distant from the 
centre [on every side].' 

Gen. Corr. i. 3; 318b6. Parmenides says that the 
two exist, both being and not being—i.e. earth and 
water. 

Metaph. i. 3; 984b1. None of those who have 
affirmed that the ail is one have, it happens, seen 
the nature of such a cause clearly, except, perhaps, 
Parmenides, and he in so far as he sometimes asserts 
that there is not one cause alone, but two causes. 

Metaph.i.5 ; 986 b18. For Parmenides seemed to lay 
hold of a unity according to reason, and Melissos accord- 
ing to matter; wherefore the former says it is limited, 
the latter that itis unlimited. Xenophanes first taught 
the unity of things (Parmenides is said to have been 
his pupil), but he did not make anything clear, nor 
did he seem to get at the nature of either finiteness or 
infinity, but, looking up into the broad heavens, he said,. 
the unity is god. These, as we said, are to be dismissed 
from the present investigation, two of them entirely as 
being somewhat more crude, Xenophanes and Melissos ; 
but Parmenides seems to speak in some places with 
greater care. For believing that not-being does not 
exist in addition to being, of necessity he thinks that 
being is one and that there is nothing else, . . . and 
being compelled to account for phenomena, and assuming 
that things are one from the standpoint of reason, plural 
from the standpoint of sense, he again asserts that. 
there are two causes and two first principles, heat and. 


1 V. Parmenides, Frag. v. 104. 


106 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


cold, or, as he calls them, fire and earth ; of these he 
regards heat as being, its opposite as not-being. 

Metaph. ii. 4; 1001a 82. There is nothing different 
from being, so that it is necessary to agree with the 
reasoning of Parmenides that all things are one, and that 
this is being. 


(c) PASSAGES RELATING TO PARMENIDES IN THE 
DoxoGRAPHISstTs. 


Theophrastos, Fr. 6 ; Alexander Metaph. p. 24, 5 
Bon.; Dox. 482. And succeeding him Parmenides, son 
of Pyres, the Eleatic—Theophrastos adds the name of 
Xenophanes—followed both ways. For in declaring 
that the all is eternal, and in attempting to explain the 
genesis of things, he expresses different opinions accord- 
ing to the two standpoints:—from the standpoint of 
truth he supposes the all to be one and not generated 
and spheroidal in form, while from the standpoint of 
popular opinion, in order to explain generation of 
phenomena, he uses two first principles, fire and earth, 
the one as matter, the other as cause and agent. 

Theophrastos, Fr. 6a; Laer. Diog. ix. 21, 22; Doz. 
482. Parmenides, son of Pyres, the Eleatic, was a pupil 
of Xenophanes, yet he did not accept his doctrines. . . . 
He was the first to declare that the earth is spheroidal 
and situated in the middle of the universe. He said that 
there are two elements, fire and earth; the one has the 
office of demiurge, the other that of matter. Men first 
arose from mud; heat and cold are the elements of 
which all things are composed. He holds that intelligence 
and life are the same, as Theophrastos records in his 
book on physics, where he put down the opinions of 
almost everybody. He said that philosophy has a two- 
fold office, to understand both the truth and also what 


THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: PARMENIDES 107 


men believe. Accordingly he says: (Vv. 28-30), ‘ ’Tis 
necessary for thee to learn all things, both the abiding — 
essence of persuasive truth, and men’s opinions in which 
rests no true belief.’ 

Theoph. Fr. 17; Diog. Laer. viii. 48; Dox. 492. 
Theophrastos says that Parmenides was the first to call 
the heavens a universe and the earth spheroidal. 

Theoph. de Sens. 3; Dox. 499. Parmenides does not 
make any definite statements as to sensation, except that 
knowledge is in proportion to the excess of one of the two 
elements. Intelligence varies as the heat or the cold is 
in excess, and it is better and purer by reason of heat; 
but nevertheless it has need of a certain symmetry. 
(Vv. 146-149) ‘For,’ he says, ‘as at any time is the 
blending of very complex members in a man, so is the 
mind in men constituted; for that which thinks is 
the same in all men and in every man, viz., the 
essence of the members of the body; and the element 
that is in excess is thought.’ He says that perceiving and 
thinking are the same thing, and that remembering and 
forgetting come from these! as the result of mixture, 
but he does not say definitely whether, if they enter into 
the mixture in equal quantities, thought will arise or not, 
nor what the disposition should be. But it is evident 
that he believes sensation to take place by the presence of 
some quality in contrast with its opposite, where he says 
that a corpse does not perceive light and heat and 
sound by reason of the absence of fire, but that it per- 
ceives cold and silence and the similar contrasted 
qualities, and in general that being as a whole has a 
certain knowledge. So in his statements he seems to do 
away with what is difficult by leaving it out. 

Theophr. Fr. 7 ; Simpl. Phys. 251115; Dox. 483. In 


' Karsten understands ‘heat and cold,’ Diels ‘perceiving and think- 
ing.’ 


108 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


the first book of his physics Theophrastos gives as the 
opinion of Parmenides: That which is outside of being 
is not-being, not-being is nothing, accordingly being is 
one. 

Hipp. Phil. 11; Dox. 564. Parmenides supposes that 
the all is one and eternal, and without beginning and 
spheroidal in form; but even he does not escape the 
opinion of the many, for he speaks of fire and earth as 
first principles of the all, of earth as matter, and of 
fire as agent and cause, and he says that the earth will 
come to an end, but in what way he does not say. He 
says that the all is eternal, and not generated, and 
spherical, and homogeneous, not having place in itself, 
and unmoved, and limited.! 

Plut. Strom. 5; Dox. 580. Parmenides the Eleatic, 
the companion of Xenophanes, both laid claim to his 
opinions, and at the same time took the opposite stand- 
point. For he declared the all to be eternal and immoy- 
able according to the real state of the case; for it is 
alone, existing alone, immovable and without beginning 
(v. 60); but there is a generation of the things that 
seem to be according to false opinion, and he excepts 
sense perceptions from the truth. He says that if any- 
thing exists besides being, this is not-being, but not- 
being does not exist at all. So there is left the being 
that has no beginning; and he says that the earth was 
formed by the precipitation of dense air. 

Epiph. adv. Haer. iii. 10; Dox. 590. Parmenides, 
the son of Pyres, himself also of the Eleatic school, said 
that the first principle of all things is the infinite. 

Cic. de Nat. Deor. i.11; Dowx.584. For Parmenides 
devised a sort of contrivance like a crown (he applied 
to it the word oregdyy), an orb of light with con- 
tinuous heat, which arched the sky, and this he called 


 V. Herm. Irr. Gen. Phil. 6; Dox. 652. 


THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: PARMENIDES 109 


god, but in it no one could suspect a divine form or a 
divine sentiment, and he made many monstrosities of 
this sort; moreover, he raised to the rank of gods War, 
Discord, Desire, and many other things which disease or 
sleep or forgetfulness or old age destroys ; and similarly 
with reference to the stars he expresses opinions which 
have been criticised elsewhere and are omitted here. 
Aet. 1.3; Dox. 284. Parmenides, the Eleatic, son of 
Pyrrhes, was a companion of Xenophanes, and in his 
first book the doctrines agree with those of his master ; 
for here that verse occurs: (v. 60), Universal, existing 
alone, immovable and without beginning. He said that 
the cause of all things is not earth alone, as his master 
said, but also fire. 7; 303. The world is immovable and 
limited, and spheroidal in form. 24; 320. Parmenides 
and Melissos did away with generation and destruction, 
because they thought that the all is unmoved. 25; 321. 
All things are controlled by necessity ; this is fated, it is 
justice and forethought, and the producer of the world. 
Aet. ii. 1; Doz. 327. The world isone. 4; 832. It 
is without beginning and eternal and indesiructible. 
7; 335. Parmenides taught that there were crowns 
encircling one another in close succession,' one of rare- 
fied matter, another of dense, and between these other 
mixed crowns of light and darkness; and that which 
surrounded all was solid like a wall, and under this was 
a crown of fire; and the centre of all the crowns was 
solid, and around it was a circle of fire; and of the mixed 
crowns the one nearest the centre was the source of 
motion and generation for all, and this ‘the goddess 
who directs the helm and holds the keys,’* he calls 
‘justice and necessity. The air is that which is 
separated from the earth, being evaporated by the 


1 Cf. vv. 123-131. 
2 VY. Simpl. Phys. 8: 34, 14. 


110 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


forcible pressure of the earth; the sun and the circle of 
the milky way are the exhalation of fire, and the moon 
is the mixture of both, namely of air and fire. The aether 
stands highest of all and surrounding all, and beneath this 
is ranged the fiery element which we call the heavens, 
and beneath this are the things of earth. 11; 339. The 
revolving vault highest above the earth is the heavens. 
340. The heavens are of a fiery nature. 13; 342. The 
stars are masses of fire. 15; 345. He ranks the 
morning star, which he considers the same as the 
evening star, first in the aether; and after this the sun, 
and beneath this the stars in the fiery vault which he 
calls the heavens. 17; 846. Stars are fed from the 
exhalations of the earth. 20; 349. The sun is of a fiery 
nature. The sun and the moon are separated from the 
milky way, the one from the thinner mixture, which is 
hot, the other from the denser, which is cold. 25; 
356. The moon is of a fiery nature. 26; 357. The 
moon is of the same size as the sun, and derives its light 
from it. 80; 361. (The moon appears dark) because 
darkness is mingled with its fiery nature, whence he 
calls it the star that shines with a false light. 

Aet. iii. 1; 865. The mixture of dense and thin gives 
its milk-like appearance to the milky way. 11; 377.. 
Parmenides first defined the inhabited parts of the earth 
by the two tropical zones. 15; 880. Because the earth 
is equally distant on all sides from other bodies, and so: 
rests in an equilibrium, not having any reason for sway- 
ing one way rather than another ; on this account it only 
shakes and does not move from its place. 

Aet. iv. 3; 888. The soul is of a fiery nature.. 
5; 891. The reason is in the whole breast. 392. Life 
and intelligence are the same thing, nor could there be 
any living being entirely without reason. 9; 397. Sen- 
sations arise part by part according to the symmetry of 


THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: PARMENIDES 111 


the pores, each particular object of sense being adapted 
to each sense (organ). 3898. Desire is produced by lack 
of nourishment. r 

Aet. v. 7; 419. Parmenides holds the opposite 
opinion ; males are produced in the northern part, for 
this shares the greater density; and females in the 
southern part by reason of its rarefied state. 420. Some 
descend from the right side to the right parts of the womb, 
others from the left to the left parts of the womb; but if 
they cross in the descent females are born. (11; 422. 
When the child comes from the right side of the womb, it 
resembles the father ; when it comes from the left side, 
the mother. 380; 443. Old age attends the failure of 
heat. 


112 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


Vil. 
THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: ZENO. 


Zeno of Elea, son of Teleutagoras, was born early in 
the fifth century p.c. He was the pupil of Parmenides, 
and his relations with him were so intimate that Plato 
calls him Parmenides’s son (Soph. 241). Strabo (vi. 
1, 1) applies to him as well as to his master the name 
Pythagorean, and gives him the credit of advancing the 
cause of law and order in Elea. Several writers say that 
he taught in Athens for a while. There are numerous 
accounts of his capture as party to a conspiracy ; these 
accounts differ widely from each other, and the only 
point of agreement between them has reference to his 
determination in shielding his fellow conspirators. We 
find reference to one book which he wrote in prose (Plato, 
Parm. 127 ©), each section of which showed the absurdity 
of some element in the popular belief. 


Literature : Lohse, Halis 1794; Gerling, de 
Zenoms Paralogismis, Marburg 1825; Wellmann, 
Zenos Beweise, G.-Pr. Frkf. a. O. 1870; Raab, d, 
Zenonische Beweise, Schweinf. 1880; Schneider, 
Philol. xxxv. 1876; Tannery, Rev. Philos. Oct. 
1885; Dunan, Les arguments de Zénon, Paris 
1884; Brochard, Les arguments de Zénon, Paris 
1888; Frontera, Hiude sur les arguments de 
Zénon, Paris 1891. 


THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: ZENO 113 


(a) FrRacMENTS oF ZENO, FROM SIMPLICIUS ON THE 
Puysics. 
1. Simpl. Phys. 30 r 139, 11. ef yap ddXo dvte mpoc- 
, > 8: x A / \ \ 
yévoito, ovdev av petlov Troijoeev: eyéOous yap undevos 
t 
évTos, Tpooyevomevov & ovdév olov Te sis péyeOos éri- 
Sodvat. Kai ottws av 48n TO Tpocyivomevov ovdéey Ein. 
> x > / \ ed \ B) U J ‘\ 9 
el O& AToyLVouEvoU TO ETEpoV uNdév EXATTOV eoTL, UNdE ad 
Tmpooyivouévou avéjcetar, Ondov OTL TO TpocryEvomEvov 
ovdsy HY OVOE TO ATrOYEVOMEVOD. 

2. Simpl. Phys. 30 r 140, 29. e¢ word éortev, avaynn 
Tocavta éivat boa éoTi Kal ovTEe TAEiovVa aUTOY oOvUTE 
éXdtTova. & O& TocavTa zoTW boa éoTi, TeTEpacpeVA 
xX ” > / > BA \ v > / b wees. \ 
dp ein. e TONG eoTLV, ATrELpa Ta dvTA eoTlV. aE yap 
érepa peta THY OvTwY ézoTi, Kal TadW eKxelvov ETEpa 
petakv. Kal oUTws aTrEelpa Ta bvTa éoTl. 

3. Simpl. Phys. 30v 141, 1. ef pu Eyou péeyeOos TO dv 

299 XA x > Ne > tA eg / / ” 
ovo ay ein, et 58 ZoTW, avayKn Exactov péyebos TL exe 
Kal TaXOS Kal aTréyelv avTOD TO ETEpoV amo TOD ETEpov. 
Kal mwepl Tod TpovyovTOS 6 avTOS NOYoS. Kal Yap exéivo 
e , \ fA > a 7 \ n oe 
&£eu péyeOos nal mpoéEet avTod TL. Gpotov 82 TovTO amrak 
Te sively Kal del eye: ovdeY yap avdTod ToLOdTOY 
Zoyatov ZoTat ovTE ETEpov pos ETEpoY OUK ZoTAL. OUTWS 

> Y Age | > / > \ 4 3 | 4 
él TOANG EOTLY, GVAYKN AUTA MLKpa TE Eival Kal mEyana, 

\ X\ iA \ 4 0 4 Os co BA 
piKpa pev WoTE wy Eye pwéyeOos, weydra O& WoTE aTrELpa 
eivat. 

4, Simpl. Phys. 180 v 562, 4. ei ZoTw oOo Té7os, 
gy Twt toTas Tav yap ov ev Twe+ TO b&é ev TWt Kai év 

a rn 
TOmT@. %oTat dpa Kal oO TOTos év TOT@M Kal TODTO eT” 
dmEelpov’ OvK apa zoTLW O TOTS. 
; Sources and Critical Notes. 

Fr. 1. D «i yap, EF od yap, a od yap ei: E tAAwv. mpooyevouévov 5€] 
Zeller, Vorsokr. Phil. 591, n. 2, strikes out 5¢: F' ofovra eis: E gives ob 
dia for ov8¢: DEF aroywépevor. 

Fr. 2. a adds kal radu after bv e%n. 


Fr. 3. DF éxo, aE exe. 
Fr. 4. E omits xal after apa. 


114 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


(a) Stmpricrus’s AccouNT OF ZENO’S ARGUMENTS, INCLUDING 
THE TRANSLATION OF THE FRAGMENTS. 


30 + 138, 80. For Eudemos says in his Physics, 
‘Then does not this exist, and is there any one? 
This was the problem. He reports Zeno as saying that 
if any one explains to him the one, what it is, he can 
tell him what things are. But he is puzzled, it seems, 
because each of the senses declares that there are 
many things, both absolutely, and as the result of 
division, but no one establishes the mathematical point. 
He thinks that what is not increased by receiving addi- 
tions, or decreased as parts are taken away, is not one 
of the things that are.’ It was natural that Zeno, who, 
as if for the sake of exercise, argued both sides of a case 
(so that he is called double-tongued), should utter such 
statements raising difficulties about the one ; but in his 
book which has many arguments in regard to each point, 
he shows that a man who affirms multiplicity naturally 
falls into contradictions. Among these arguments is one 
by which he shows that if there are many things, these 
are both:small and great—great enough to be infinite in 
size, and small enough to be nothing in size. By this 
he shows that what has neither greatness nor thickness 
nor bulk could not even be. (Fr. 1)! ‘For if, he says, 
anything were added to another being, it could not 
make it any greater; for since greatness does not exist, 
it is impossible to increase the greatness of a thing by 
adding to it. So that which is added would be nothing. 
If when something is taken away that which is left is no 
less, and if it becomes no greater by receiving additions, 
evidently that which has been added or taken away is 
nothing.” ‘These things Zeno says, not denying the 
one, but holding that each thing has the greatness of 


' Cf. Arist. Metaph. ii. 4; 1001 b8. 


THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: ZENO 115 


many and infinite things, since there is always some- 
thing before that which is apprehended, by reason of its 
infinite divisibility ; and this he proves by first showing 
that nothing has any greatness because each thing of 
the many is identical with itself and is one. 

Ibid. 30 v 140,27. And why is it necessary to say 
that there is a multiplicity of things when it is set 
forth in Zeno’s own book? For again in showing 
that, if there is a multiplicity of things, the same things 
are both finite and infinite, Zeno writes as follows, to 
use his own words: (Fr. 2) ‘If there is a multiplicity of 
things, it is necessary that these should be just as many 
as exist, and not more nor fewer. If there are just as 
many as there are, then the number would be finite. If 
there is a multiplicity at all, the number is infinite, for 
there are always others between any two, and yet others 
between each pair of these. So the number of things 
is infinite.’ So by the process of division he shows that 
their number is infinite. Andas to magnitude, he begins 
with this same argument. For first showing that (Fr.. 
3) ‘if being did not have magnitude, it would not exist 
at all,’ he goes on, ‘if anything exists, it is necessary 
that each thing should have some magnitude and thick- 
ness, and that one part of it should be separated from 
another. The same argument applies-to the thing that 
precedes this. That also will have magnitude and will 
have something before it. The same may be said of each 
thing once for all, for there will be no such thing as 
last, nor will one thing differ from another. So if there 
is a multiplicity of things, it is necessary that these 
should be great and small—small enough not to have 
any magnitude, and great enough to be infinite.’ ! 

Ibid. 180 v 562, 8. Zeno’s argument seems to deny 
that place exists, putting the question as follows: (Fr. 4) 


' Of. Diels, Archiv f. d. Gesch. d. Phil. i. 245; Zeller, i.* 593 n. 1. 
12 


116 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


‘If there is such a thing as place, it will be in some- 
thing, for all being is in something, and that which is 
in something is in some place. Then this place will be 
in a place, and so on indefinitely. Accordingly there is 
no such thing as place.’ 

Ibid. 131r 568, 17. Eudemos’ account of Zeno’s 
opinion runs as follows :—‘ Zeno’s problem seems- to 
come to the same thing. For it is natural that all 
being should be somewhere, and if there is a place for 
things, where would this place be? In some other 
place, and that in another, and so on indefinitely.’ 

Ibid. 286v. Zeno’s argument that when anything 
is in a space equal to itself, it is either in motion or at 
rest, and that nothing is moved in the present moment, 
and that the moving body is always in a space equal to 
itself at each present moment, may. I think, be put in 
a syllogism as follows: The arrow which is moving 
forward is at every present moment in a space equal 
to itself, accordingly it is <in a space equal to itself - 
in all time; but that which is in a space equal 
to itself in the present moment is not in motion. 
Accordingly it is in a state of rest, since it is not moved 
in the present moment, and that which is not moving is 
at rest, since everything is either in motion or at rest. 
So the arrow which is moving forward is at rest while 
it is moving forward, in every moment of its motion. 

237r. The Achilles argument is so named because 
Achilles is named in it as the example, and the argu- 
ment shows that if he pursued a tortoise it would be 
impossible for him te overtake it. 

255r. Aristotle accordingly solves the problem of 
Zeno the Hleatic, which he propounded to Protagoras 
the Sophist.' Tell me, Protagoras, said he, does one 
grain of millet make a noise when it falls, or does the 

' Arist. Phys. vii. 5, 250*, 20. 


THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: ZENO Eur 


ten-thousandth part of a grain? On receiving the 
answer that it does not, he went on: Does a measure of 
millet grains make a noise when it falls, or not? He 
answered, it does make a noise. Well, said Zeno, does 
not the statement about the measure of millet apply to 
the one grain and the ten-thousandth part of a grain ? 
He assented, and Zeno continued, Are not the state- 
ments as to the noise the same in regard to each? For 
as are the things that make a noise, so are the noises. 
Since this is the case, if the measure of millet makes a 
noise, the one grain and the ten-thousandth part of a 
grain make a noise. 


(b) ZENO’S ARGUMENTS AS DESCRIBED RY ARISTOTLE. 


Phys. iv. 1; 209 a 28. Zeno’s problem demands 
some consideration ; if all being is in some place, evi- 
dently there must be a place of this place, and so on 
indefinitely. 3; 210 b 22. It is not difficult to solve 
Zeno’s problem, that if place is anything, it will be in 
some place ; there is no reason why the first place should 
not be in something else, not however as in that place, 
but just as health exists in warm beings as a state while 
warmth exists in matter as a property of it. Soit is not 
necessary to assume an indefinite series of places. 

vi. 2; 233 a 24. (Time and space are continuous 
. . . . the divisions of time and space are the same.) 
Accordingly Zeno’s argument is erroneous, that it is 
not possible to traverse infinite spaces, or to come in 
contact with infinite spaces successively in a finite time. 
Both space and time can be called infinite in two ways, 
either absolutely as a continuous whole, or by division 
into the smallest parts. With infinites in point of quan- 
tity, it is not possible for anything to come in contact in 
a finite time, but it is possible in the case of the infinites 


118 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


reached by division, for time itself is infinite from this 
standpoint. So the result is that it traverses the infinite 
in an infinite, not a finite time, and that infinites, not 
finites, come in contact with infinites. 

vi. 9; 2839 b5. And Zeno’s reasoning is fallacious. 
For if, he says, everything is at rest [or in motion | when 
it is in a space equal to itself, and the moving body is 
always in the present moment <in a space equal to 
itself, » then the moving arrow is still. This is false ; 
for time is not composed of present moments that are 
indivisible, nor indeed is any other quantity. Zeno pre- 
sents four arguments concerning motion which involve 
puzzles to be solved, and the first of these shows that 
motion does not exist because the moving body must go 
half the distance before it goes the whole distance; of 
this we have spoken before (Phys. vill. 8; 263a5). And 
the second is called the Achilles argument; it is this :— 
The slow runner will never be overtaken by the swiftest, 
for it is necessary that the pursuer should first reach the 
point from which the pursued started, so that neces- 
sarily the slower is always somewhat in advance. This 
argument is the same as the preceding, the only 
difference being that the distanée is not divided each 
time into halves. . . . His opinion is false that the one 
in advance is not overtaken; he is not indeed overtaken 
while he is in advance; but nevertheless he is overtaken, 
if you will grant that he passes through the limited 
space. These are the first two arguments, and the third 
is the one that has been alluded to, that the arrow in 
its flight is stationary. This depends on the assumption 
that time is composed of present moments; there will 
be no syllogism if this is not granted. And the fourth 
argument is with reference to equal bodies moving in 
opposite directions past equal bodies in the stadium with 
equal speed, some from the end of the stadium, others from 


. 
THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: ZENO 119 


the middle ; in which case he thinks half the time equal 
to twice the time. The fallacy lies in the fact that while 
he postulates that bodies of equal size move forward with 
equal speed for an equal time, he compares the one with 
something in motion, the other with something at rest. 


(c) PASSAGES RELATING TO ZENO IN THE DoxOGRAPHISTS. 


Plut. Strom.6; Dox.581. Zeno the Eleatic brought 
out nothing peculiar to himself, but he started farther 
difficulties about these things. 

Hpiph. adv. Haer. ii. 11; Dox. 590. Zeno the 
Eleatic, a dialectician equal to the other Zeno, says that 
the earth does not move, and that no space is void of 
content. He speaks as follows :— That which is moved is 
moved in the place in which it is, or in the place in 
which it is not; itis neither moved in the place in which 
it is, nor in the place in which it is not; accordingly it 
is not moved at all. 

Galen, Hist. Phil. 8; Dow.601. Zeno the Eleatic is 
said to have introduced the dialectic philosophy. 7; Doc. 
604. He was a skeptic. 

Aet. i. 7; Dow. 303. Melissos and Zeno say that the 
one is universal, and that it exists alone, eternal, and 
unlimited. And this one is necessity {Heeren inserts 
here the name Empedokles|, and the material of it is 
the four eleménts, and the forms are strife and love. 
He says that the elements are gods, and the mixture of 
them is the world. The uniform will be resolved into 
them ;! he thinks that souls are divine, and that pure 
men who share these things in a pure way are divine. 
23; 320. Zeno et al. denied generation and destruc- 
tion, because they thought that the all is unmoved. 


1 Reading mpds radra Avdjoeras, which, as Mr. G. D. Lord suggests to 
me, is probably the source of the corruption mpoorayAvéfcerar. The 
Vatican vulgate combines both readings. 


120 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


VIII. 
THE ELEATIC: SCHOOL: MELISSOS. 


Meuissos of Samos, son of Ithagenes, was a contem- 
porary of Zeno, though he may have been slightly 
younger. Parmenides is said to have been his teacher, 
and it is possible that he may have made the acquaint- 
ance of Herakleitos. According to Diogenes, he was a 
respected statesman, and there seems to be good evidence 
(Plutarch, Perikles 26, after Aristotle) that he com- 
manded the Samian fleet at its victory over the Athe- 


nians, 4408.c. He wrote a book which later writers refer 
to under various titles. 


Literature: The fragments are treated by Brandis, 
Commen. Eleat. iii. and by Mullach de Melisso X. @. 
p. 80; Pabst, de Meliss. Fragmentis, Bonn 1889, 
disputes the authenticity of Fr. 1-5. Spalding, 
Vindic. philos. Megar. Berlin 1798, first showed 
that the first two chapters of the book called de 
Xenophane, Zenone, Gorgia, refer to Melissos. Cf. 
also Fr. Kern, Zur Wiirdigung des Melissos, Fest- 
schrift d. stettin. Stadtgym. 1880. 


Sources and Critical Notes. 


Fr. 1-5. The passage giving these fragments, as they have been 
called, contains little that is not found in the remaining fragments, and 
in spite of the fact that it is given as a direct quotation, it seems best 
to regard it as a condensed statement of the opinions of Melissos. V- 


Zeller, Vorsokr. Phil. 607, n. 1, and Pabst, de Meliss. Fragments, 
Bonn 1889. 


THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: MELISSOS 121 


(2) Fragments or MELIssos MAINLY FROM SIMPLIcrIUS 
ON THE Puysics. 


Simpl. Phys. 23 v 109, 20 (Fr. 7). 6te tolvuy ov« 
> / ” / Meek, eRe \ ee" BA \ > \ > 
éyéveTo, gots O€, del Hv Kal asl EoTar Kal apynv ovK 
BA > X\ / A > BA / b] > X \ 
Exel ovde TENEUTHV, GAN Areipov eoTwv. et wey yap 
éyéveto, apynv av siyev* npEato yap av ToTEe yLvomevov * 
Kal TedevTHY * éTENe’TNTE Yap av ToTE ywvopevov’ et Oz 

Me BA / 3 7 25 si; 9 \ SN 
ente HpEato ponte éTeXeUTHTEV Gel TE HV Kal Gel ZoTAL, 
obK &xeu apyny ovd= TEXEUTHY* Ov yap del Elval avUoTOY 
6 Te py wav got. 1.81. (Fr. 8.) GAN Borep ZoTw azi, 
ovTw Kal TO péyeOos dmetpov ael xpi) civar. 1. 83. (Fr. 

> A / \ >. 7. lal - Q > 
15.) ef yap Sujpytas to eov, Kweitar. Kivotpevov S& ovdK 
av ein dua. 

Phys. 24r 110, 1. (Fr.16.) ef wév dv ein, Se¢ adto bv 
eivar* bv 5é dv bet avTo c@pa pry Exe. (19 rv 87, 6) at 
52 2you aos, Zyou dv pmopia cal ovKére Sv ein. 1. 8. (Fr. 

2 / \ + yi IQv yo a7) ” 
9.) apynv te kal Téros zyov odvdéy ovtE aldiov ovTE 
areipov éotwv. 1.5. (Fr. 10.) ef pi dv ein, repavet mpos 
” 
andro. 

Phys. 247111, 19. (Fr. 11.) ottws otv aidi0v éore 
Kal dretpov: Kal ev Kal buowov av. Kal ovT av ar- 
ONOLTO OUTE pElCov yivoLTO OUTE ETAKOTMEOLTO OUTE aNyEt 

lal yw 
oUTE aviaTaL. yap TLTOUTM@Y TaaXOL, OVK av ETL EV 
y n e a 
ein. et yap ETEpolovTal, avdyKn TO eov YW) Opovoy Eivat, 
/ 
ara aTrorrAvVGOaL TO TpdaOev zov, TO 53 OvK zov yivec Oat. 
Lal \ Lal 
el Tolvuv TpLYl muh upiots rec ETEpotoy YivoLTO TO TAY, 





Fr. 7. D omits kal . . . ywduevov. Simplicius writes yivduevor, Diels 
would restore yevduevoy regularly, and compares Spengel ad Eudem. fr. 
p. 18,18. DE éxe., aF' éxov. 

Fr. 15. af” Gua, HE Gand. 

Fr. 16. aD dv etn, EF obv etm, Brandis suggests bv @ors. FH 5é wh dv- 
Cf. 19 r 87, 6. 

Fr. 11. aF ylyvorro. E odxér, omits dv. E omits dé after 7d. aD 


(F) rpixt wih, E rp uh %. Vulg. from Brandis «i tolvyy tpicpuplooe 
éreot. F' wapévtt for mayti. 


122 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


a A ' ’ 3 Or 
breirar dv év TS Tavtl ypove. 1. 24. (Fr. 12.) GAN oddE 
na e \ / e / 3\ 
petaxocpnOivar avvctov' 6 yap Koopos 0 mpocOev éwy 
> > , LA ¢ \ 2\ / 4 6: / 
OUK GTOAAUTAL OVTE O fH EWV YiVETAL OTE OF MITE 
, / c a 
mpooyiverat pnoev pare amroddvTaL pate ETEpOLOUTAL, 
fal lal / S > XN / 
Tos dv petakocunOey THY eovTMY TL 3 El MEV Yap TL 
+ Pl L c lal aay x \ 0 / S ye ir a 
éyivero étepoiov, Hdn av Kal petakocpnOein: ovde adyet 
> \ x a yy > U > \ Xv év yak 9S 
ov yap av wav ein adygov: ov yap av OvVaLTO aél Eivat 
al 5) / Dy: wv 54 80 ne veges WED ON 
xphua adyéov ovd8 Exeu ionv Svvayw TO vylet: ovT’ av 
t / x 4 x 
dpovov ein, ei adryéou* ATroyWwopevou yap TEev av adyEoL 7 
¢ $3 st 
mpoaywopévov, KovK. av ete Suotov ein. odd av TO iyLES 
> fal / > \ \ x v aK 2 3 \ Nu EX 
adynoat Sbvaito: amd yap av GroLTO TO UYyLEs Kal TO gor, 
lal na x 
To S& ovK zOv yévotto. Kal wepl Tod avidcPat wuTos 
Aoyos TO adyéovTs. 1.6. (Fr. 14.) odd3 Kevedv got ovdév- 
3 io / 
TO yap Kevedv ovdev éotiv: ovK av odv ein TO Ye pnoED. 
2S val . € a \ > ” > a > \ 
ove KwveitaL* UToxwphoat yap ovK zxEr ovdaph, GNA 
Tréov goriv. ei pev yap KEvedov Hv, UTEeywpEl av Eis TO 
, a i 
Kevov' KEevod O& pH edvTos ovK eye ben broywpHcEt. 
mukvov 2 Kal apaiov ovK av ely: TO yap apaov ovK 
> \ / S A“ n 
avuotov mréwv sivar opolws TO TuKVa, GXN HON TO 
> , , fal a 
apawv ye Kevewtepov ylvetar Tod TuKVOD. Kplow 8 
/ \ / lol a 
TaUTHY xpn ToLncacBat TOD TAEW Kal TOD wn TAEw* EL 
\ 5 Lal x 3 
pev ovv xwpet TL 7) eiadéyeTat, ov TrAgov: ei SF pre 
al / > 
Yopel pte eiodéyeTal, TA€WY. avayKn Tolvuy TAEoV 
> > \ % 4 
eival, € KEVOV fy EOTW. ei Toivuy TAgwV eoTiVY, OV 
KUVELT AL. 
Phys. 834v 162, 24. (Fr. 6.) det Fv é te Fv Kal asi 
bad > \ a 
éoTal. & yap éyéveTo, avayKaioy eote Tplv yevéoOat 
> 62. tT > 4 fal 8s 9S ? \ x / 
eivat pnoev. Tet TvXOL viv pndev Hr, ovdapa av yévorTo 
> 
ovdéy &x pndevos. 








Fr.12. D wera 7d KoounPiva: a amodcira: DF peTakoounbevT av 
edvrwv: a yap, DFE ye: a daryewdy (twice): D ob« for xodk: DF dvutds, 
ak 6 abrds, 

Fr. 14. Cf. Simpl. 40, 12. EH waéov et passim, Text follows aD: 
DF kevérepov, E xowdrepov: a omits otv. 

Fr. 6. E ei réxor viv, Dei rbxn, aF ei rolvuv. Diels suggests dre 
tolvuy; cf. 109, 20. DE oddty, ak’ undtv. 


THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: MELISSOS 123 


Simpl. de Coelo, 137r; Schol. Aristot. 509b18; ef. 
Aristokl. Huseb. Pr. Ev. xiv.17. (Fr. 17.) wéyeotov pév 
a € 7 
ovv onpetoy ovTOS O AOYyos STL ev povoy éoTiv. aTap Kai 
Tabe onusia ei yap Hv TONAA, ToLadTAa yYphy avTa eivat, 
, \ 5 n \ 
olov wep &yw hype TO ev sivas. ei yap ZoTe yh Kal Bdwp Kat 
anp kal cidnpos Kat ypucos Kal Top Kal TO wev Edov TO OF 
\ \ / \ x \ \ 4 \ € 
teOvnKkos Kal médav Kal AEvKOV Kal Ta boa daciv ot 
” 2 > a > \ nr ” V6 a ? lal 
avOpwrror eivat adnO},—e 57 TadTa zoTt Kal tpsis opOds 
Op@mEev Kal aKovomev, Elva ypi) ExacTov ToLodTOV oiov 
TéEp TO Tpa@Tov okey Huiv, Kal py pEeTaTimtEew pynde 
yiveoOat éTepotov, aN’ aiet eivar ExacTov oloy TEp zoTLV. 
vov 52 hapev opOas opav Kal axovewv Kal ovviévar, Soxet 
X\ e an / x b, f \ \ x 
5 jyty TO Te Oepwov >vypov yiverPar xai TO Wuypov 
@zpyov Kal TO oKANpOY padOaKkov Kai TO padOaKkov 
\ % \ Lal > / N > ak Led 
oxrnpov, Kal TO E@ov amobvncKew Kai &x py CaHvTos 
yiverOat, Kal TadTa TavTa éETEpotovcbaL, Kal 6 TL HV TE 
+e n Or ed =. ? 9c / \ 
Kai 0 voy ovdéev bmocoy Eivat, GAN 6 TE Gidnpos oKANpOS 
2ov TO OAKTUN iBecOar ft opod pé i 0 
® SaxTihw KkatatpiBecOar ft opod péwrv Kal ypuaos 
\ / a ae a 2 XN lal s an [4 
kal XLGos Kal GX 6 TL ioyupoy Soxet eivar TaV, WOTE 
cupBaiver pyre opav unte Ta dvTa ywookew* 2& datos 
Te yn Kat AlOos yiverOat. ov Toivyy TadTa addrANdOLS 
€ n 
omoroye* papévors yap eivat ToAda Kal aidia Kal eidy 
Te Kal ioyvy exyovta, TavtTa ETepotodabar piv SoKxei Kai 
f fa fo 
petarintew éx Tod ExdoToTe Opwpevov. OShdov Tolvur 
67t ovK Ops EwpOpev OSE Exeiva TroArA opOds SoxKet 
3 a @ > 9 ar 
gival. ov yap av perémimtev ei adNOH Hv, adr Hv olov 
mTep @d0Ket Exactov ToLodtTov’ Tod yap zovTos adnOuvod 
cal Od, x \ , \ N 2X > , 
Kpsiocov ovdev. Hv 8 petatéon, TO pév 20v aT@NdETO, 
TO 52 ovK 2ov yéyovev. ovTws odv ei TOANA Ein, TOLADTA 
\ @: , 
“pn sivas olov TrEep TO Ev. 





Fr. 17. Vulg. xpi: Simpl. (gov, Aristokl. (@y (twice): Aristokl. «iva: 
eypiv, nal 7d edy Towodrov, olov mpatov eotey juiv elya, Simpl. omits 
adyta and 4764: Aristokl. érepov, GAA’ elva: Suotoy, ofdv wep eori Exacrov, 
Simpl. omits ¢erw: Bergk déuovpéwy, digito conterminus, aptatus, 
MSS. 70 uécor, corr. Brandis, Gesch. d. Phil. i. 403: Vulg. ¢fn. 


124 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


Srpricius’s Account OF MELISSOS, INCLUDING THE 
TRANSLATION OF THE FRAGMENTS. 


22; 108, 18. Now let us glance at Melissos’ argu- 
ment, which we ran across a few lines back. Melissos, 
making use of the axioms of the physicists, in regard to 
generation and destruction, begins his book as follows : 
(Fr. 1) If nothing is, how could this be spoken of 
as though something is? And if anything is, either 
it has come into being, or else it always has been. If 
it came into being, it sprung either from being or from 
not-being; but it is impossible that any such thing 
should have sprung from not-being (for nothing else 
that is could have sprung from it, much less pure 
being) ; nor could it have sprung from being, for in that 
case it <would simply be, and > would not have come 
into existence. So then being is not generated ; being 
always is, nor will it be destroyed. For being could 
not be changed into not-being (this also is conceded by 
the physicists), nor into being; for then it would abide 
as it is, and would not be destroyed. Accordingly being 
was not generated, nor will it be destroyed ; so it always 
was and always will be. (Fr.2) But while that which 
comes into existence has a beginning, that which does 
not come into existence does not have a beginning, 
and being which did not come into existence would not 
have a beginning. Farther, that which is destroyed has 
an end ; but if anything is not subject to destruction, it 
does not have an end ; and that which has neither begin- 
ning nor end is of course infinite ; so being is infinite. 
(Fr. 3) And if it is infinite, it is one ; for if being were 
two, both parts could not be infinite, but each would 
be limited by the other. But being is infinite; there 
could not be several beings ; accordingly being is one. 
(Fr. 4) Farther, if being is one it does not move; for the 


_ THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: MELISSOS 125 


one is always homogeneous [lit. like itself]; and that 
which is homogeneous could not perish or become greater 
or change its arrangement or suffer pain or annoyance. 
If it experienced any of these things it would not be 
one ; for that which is moved with any sort of motion 
changes something from one thing into something 
different ; but there is nothing else except being, so this 
will not be moved. (Fr. 5) To follow another line of 
argument : there is no place void of being, for the void is 
nothing ; but that which is nothing could not exist; so 
then being is not moved: it is impossible for it to go 
anywhere, if there is no void. Nor is it possible for it 
to contract into itself, for in that case different degrees 
of density would arise, and this is impossible; for it 
is impossible that the rare should be as full as the dense ; 
but the rare is more empty than the dense, and there 
is no such thing as emptiness. It is necessary to judge 
whether being is full or not by its capacity to receive 
something else: if it will not receive anything it is full; 
if it will receive something it is not full. Now if the 
void does not exist, it must of necessity be full; and if 
this is the case it does not move, not because it is im- 
possible for it to move through space already filled, as 
we say of bodies, but because all being cannot be moved 
into being (for there is nothing besides itself), nor can 
being be moved into not-being, for not-being does not 
exist. 

23; 109, 7. Melissos also is blamed because in his 
frequent references to the beginning he does not use 
the word to mean a beginning in time which applies to 
that which comes into existence, but rather to mean 
a logical beginning which does not apply to the things 
that are changing collectively. He seems to have 
seen clearly before Aristotle that all matter, even that 
which is eternal, being limited has a limited capacity, 


126 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


and in itself is always at the end of time, and because 
of the ever-moving beginning of that which passes, 
it is always at the beginning, and remains eternal, 
so that that which has beginning and end in quantity 
has also beginning and end in time, and the reverse ; 
for that which has beginning and end in time is not 
everything simultaneously. So he bases his proof on 
beginning and end in time. Accordingly he says 
that that which is not everything—i.e. which is not 
the whole simultaneously—is not without beginning or 
end; what applies to things that are indivisible and 
infinite in their being, applies so much the more to pure 
being; and that all applies to being. Melissos puts it 
as follows: (Fr. 7) Since then it did not come into being 
but is, it always was and always will be, and has 
neither beginning nor end, but is infinite. For if it had 
come into existence it would have had a keginning (for 
that which once came into existence would have a begin- 
ning) and an end (for that which once came into exist- 
ence would come to an end) ; if it neither had a beginning 
nor came to an end, it always was and always will be; 
it has not beginning or end; but it is impossible 
that anything which is not the whole should always 
a ae 1. 31. (Fr. 8) But as it-always exists, so 
it is necessary also that it be always infinite in magnitude. 
1. 38. (Fr. 15) If being is separated it moves; and 
that which moves could not exist simultaneously. 

24; 110, 1 (Fr. 16) If being exists it must be one, 
and being one it is necessary that it should not itself 
have body ; (19; 87, 6) and if it should have thickness, 
it would have parts and would no longer be a unity. 
1. 3 (Fr. 9) Nothing which has beginning and end is 
either eternal or infinite. 1.5 (Fr. 10) If it were not 
one, it would be bounded by something else.! 


' The paraphrase above (Fr. 3) gives the argument in fuller form. 


THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: MELISSOS 127 


24; 111, 18. Melissos bringing his previous topic.to 
a conclusion goes on to consider motion. (Fr. 11) So 
then the all is eternal and infinite and homogeneous ; 
and it could neither perish nor become greater nor 
change its arrangement nor suffer pain or distress. 
If it experienced any of these things it would no longer 
be one ; for if it becomes different, it is necessary that 
being should not be homogeneous, but that which was 
before must perish, and that which was not must come 
into existence. If then the all should become different 
by a single hair in ten thousand years, it would perish in 
the whole of time. (Fr. 12) And it is impossible for its 
order to change, for the order existing before does not 
perish, nor does another which did not exist come into 
being ; and since nothing is added to it or subtracted from 
it or made different, how could any of the things that are 
change their order? But if anything became different, 
its order would already have been changed. (Fr. 13) 
Nor does it suffer pain, for the all could not be pained; 
it would be impossible for anything suffering pain always 
to be ; nor does it have power equal to the power of what 
is healthy. It would not be homogeneous if it suffered 
pain ; it would suffer pain whenever anything was added 
or taken away, and it would no longer be homogeneous. 
Nor could what is healthy suffer a pang of pain, for both 
the healthy and being would perish, and not-being would 
come into existence. The same reasoning that applies 
to pain applies also to distress. (Fr. 14) Nor is there 
any void, for the void is nothing, and that which is 
nothing could not be. Nor does it move, for it has 
nowhere to go to, since it is full; for if there were a void 
it could go into the void, but since there is no void it has 
nowhere to go to. It could not be rare and dense, for 
it is not possible for the rare to be as full as the dense, 
but the rare is already more empty than the dense. 


128 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


This is the test of what is full and what is not full: if it 
has room for anything, or admits anything into it, it is 
not full; if it does not have room for anything, or admit 
anything into it, it is full. If no void exists it must be 
full; if then it is full it does not move. These are the 
doctrines of Melissos. 

34; 162, 24. (Fr. 6) What was, always was and 
always will be; for if it had come into existence, it 
necessarily would have been nothing before it came into 
existence. If now there were nothing existing, nothing 
would ever have come into existence from nothing. 

Simpl. de Coelo 187r; Schol. Aristot. 509b; cf. 
Aristokl. Euseb. Pr. Ev. xiv.17. (Fr. 17) This argument 
is the strongest proof that being is one only. And the 
proofs are as follows: For if a multiplicity of things 
existed it would be necessary that these things should be 
just such as I say the one is. For if earth exists, and 
water and air and iron and gold and fire and the living 
and the dead and black and white, and everything else 
which men say is real,—if these things exist and we see 
and hear them correctly, it is necessary that each thing 
should be such as we first determined, namely, it should 
not change its character or become different, but should 
always be each thing what it is. Now we say that we see 
and hear and understand correctly ; but it seems to us 
that hot becomes cold and cold hot, that hard becomes 
soft and soft hard, that the living being dies and life 
comes from what is not living; and that all these things 
become different, and what they are is not like what 
they were. It seems to us that iron, being hard to the 
touch, wastes away tbecoming liquefied,t! and so does 
gold, and rock, and whatever else seems to be strong, 
so that we conclude that we do not see or know things 


* Zeller i. 613 n. 1 suggests bm’ iod péwy, ‘passing away because of 
rust.’ 


THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: MELISSOS 129 


that are. And earth and rock arise from water. These 
things then do not harmonise with each other. Though 
we said that many things are eternal, and have forms 
and strength, it seems that they all become different and 
change their character each time they are seen. Evi- 
dently we do not see correctly, nor is the appearance of 
multiplicity correct; for they would not change their 
character if they were real, but would remain each thing 
as it seemed, for nothing is nobler than that which is 
real. But if they change their character, being perishes 
and not-being comes into existence. So then if a multi- 
plicity of things exist, it is necessary that they should be 
such as the one is. 


(6) ARISTOTLE’sS ACCOUNT OF MELIssos. 


Phys. i. 3; 186 a6. Both Melissos and Parmenides 
argue fallaciously, and they make false assumptions and 
their reasonings are not logical; but the argument of 
Melissos is the more wearisome, for it sets no problem, 
but granted one strange thing, others follow ; and there 
is no difficulty in this. The error in the reasoning of 
Melissos is plain, for he thinks that if everything which 
has come into being has a beginning, he can assume 
that that which has not come into being does not have 
a beginning. This, then, is strange, that ke shou'd 
think that everything has a beginning except time, and 
‘this does not, and that simple generation has no begin- 
ning but change alone begins, as though change as a 
whole did not come into being. Even if the all is 
a unity, why then should it not move? Why should 
not the whole be moved even as a part of it which is a 
unity, namely water, is moved in itself? Tken why 
should there not be change? It is not possible that 
being should be one in form, but only in its source. 

K 


130 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


Soph. Elen. 5; 163 b 18. The same is true of 
syllogisms, as for instance in the case of Melissos’ argu- 
ment that the all is infinite ; in this he assumes that the 
all is not generated (for nothing is generated from not- 
being), and that that which is generated, is generated 
from a beginning. If then the all was not generated, it 
does not have a beginning, so itis infinite. Itis not 
necessary to assent to this, for even if everything which 
is generated has a beginning, it does not follow that if 
anything has a beginning it was generated, as a man 
with a fever is warm, but one who is warm may not have 
a fever. 

Soph. Elen. 6; 164635. Or again, as Melissos 
assumes in his argument that generation and having a 
beginning are the same thing, or that that which is 
generated from equals has the same size. The two 
statements, that whatis generated has a beginning, and 
that what has a beginning is generated, he deems equiva- 
lent, so that the generated and the limited are both the 
same in that they each have a beginning. Because 
what is generated has a beginning, he postulates that 
what has a beginning is generated, as though both that 
which is generated and that which is finite were the 
same in having a beginning. 


(c) PASSAGES RELATING To MELISSOS IN THE 
DoxoGRAPHISTs. 


Epiph. adv. Haer. iii. 12; Dox. 590. Melissos of 
Samos, son of Ithagenes, said that the all is one in kind, 
but that nothing is fixed in its nature, for all things are 
potentially destructible. 

Aet. Plac. i. 3; Dow. 285. Melissos of Miletos, son of 
Ithagenes, became his companion, but he did not pre- 
serve in its purity the doctrine that was transmitted to 


= 


THE ELEATIC SCHOOL: MELISSOS 131 


him. For he said in regard to the infinite that the 
world of those things that appear is limited. i. 7; 303. 
Melissos and Zeno say that the one is universal, and 
that it exists alone, eternal, and unlimited. And 
this unity is necessity [Heeren inserts here the name 
Empedokles], and the material of which it consists 
is the four elements, and the forms are love and strife. 
He calls the elements gods, and the mixture of them the 
world. And the uniform will be resolved. He thinks 
that souls are divine, and that pure men who share 
these things in a pure way are divine. i. 24; 320. 
Melissos (et al.) deny generation and destruction, because 
they think that the all is unmoved. 

Aet. il. 1; 327. Melissos (et al.): The universe is one. 
328. The all is infinite, but the world is limited. 4 ; 332. 
Melissos (et al.): The world is not generated, not to be 
destroyed, eternal. 

Aet. iv. 9; 896. Melissos (et al.) : Sensations are 
deceptive. 


132 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


IX. 
PYTHAGORAS AND THE PYTHAGOREANS. 


Pyrnacoras; son of Mnesarchos, a native of Samos, 
left his fatherland to escape the tyranny of Polykrates 
(5833/2 or 529/88.c.). He made his home for many years 
in Kroton in southern Italy, where his political views 
gained control in the city. At length he and his followers 
were banished by an opposing party, and he died at 
Metapontum. Many stories are told of his travels into 
Egypt and more widely, but there is no evidence on 
which the stories can be accepted. He was a mystic 
thinker and religious reformer quite as much as a 
philosopher, but there is no reason for denying that the 
doctrines of the school originated with him. Of his 
disciples, Archytas, in southern Italy, and Philolaos and 
Lysis, at Thebes, are the best known. It is the doctrine 
of the school, not the teaching of Pythagoras himself, 
which is known to us through the writings of Aristotle. 


Literature :—On Pythagoras: Krische, De societatis a 
Pythagora conditae scopo politico, 1880 ; E. Rohde, 
Fthein. Mus. xxvi. 565 sqq.; xxvii. 23 sqq.; Diels, 
Khem. Mus. xxxi. 25sq.; Zeller, Sitz.d. kgl. preus. 
Akad. 1889, 45, p. 985 sqq.; Chaignet, Pythagore, 
1873, and the excellent account in Burnett. 

Philolaos : Boeckh, Philolaos Lehren, nebst den 
Bruchstiicken seines Werkes, 1819; V. Rose, 
Comment. de Arist. libr. ord. et auct. Berlin 1854 ; 
Schaarschmidt, Die angebliche Schriftstellerei des 
Phil. Bonn 1864; Zeller, Gesch. d. griech. Phil. 
4 Auf. 261, 341, 886 ; Hermes x. 178; Bywater, 
Journal of Philol. i. 21 sqq. 


PYTHAGORAS AND THE PYTHAGOREANS 133 


Archytas : Hartenstein, de Archyt. Tar. fragm. Lips. - 


1833 ; Gruppe, Die Fragm. d. Archyt. Berlin 1840; 
Petersen, Zeitschr. f. Altertumsk. 1836 ; Chaignet, 
Pythagore, 1873, pp. 191, 255. 


PassaGEs IN PLATO REFERRING TO THE PyYTHAGOREANS. 


Phaedo 623. The saying that is uttered in secret 
rites, to the effect that we men are in a sort of prison, 
and that one ought not to loose himself from it nor yet 
to run away, seems to me something great and not easy 
to see through ; but this at least I think is well said, that 
it is the gods who care for us, and we men are one of the 
possessions of the gods. 

Kratyl. 400 8. For some say that it (the body) is 
the tomb of the soul—I think it was the followers of 
Orpheus in particular who introduced this word—which 
has this enclosure like a prison in order that it may be 
kept safe. | 

Gorg. 493 a. I once heard one of the wise men say 
that now we are dead and the body is our tomb, and that 
that part of the soul where desires are, it so happens, 
is open to persuasion, and moves upward or downward. 
And, indeed, a clever man—perhaps some inhabitant 
of Sicily or Italy—speaking allegorically, and taking 
the word from credible’ (7é@avos) and ‘persuadable’ 
(wicteKos), called this a jar (700s) ; and he called those 
without intelligence uninitiated, and that part of the 
soul of uninitiated persons where the desires are, he 
called its intemperateness,'and said it was not water- 
tight, as a jar might be pierced with holes—using the 
simile because of its insatiate desires. 

Gorg. 507 x. And the wise men say that one com- 
munity embraces heaven and earth and gods and men 
and friendship and order and temperance and righteous- 
ness, and for that reason they call this whole a universe, 


afred 


134 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


my friend, for it is not without order nor yet is there 
excess. It seems to me that you do not pay attention 
to these things, though you are wise in regard to them. 
But it has escaped your notice that geometrical equality 
prevails widely among both gods and men. 


PassaGes IN ARISTOTLE REFERRING TO THE PyTHa- 
GOREANS. 


Phys. iii. 4; 208321. For all who think they have 
worthily applied themselves to such philosophy, have 
discoursed concerning the infinite, and they all have 
asserted some first principle of things—some, like the 
Pythagoreans and Plato, a first principle existing by 
itself, not connected with anything else, but being itself 
the infinite in its essence. Only the Pythagoreans found 
it among things perceived by sense (for they say that 
number is not an abstraction), and they held that it 
was the infinite outside the heavens. ‘ 

ili.4; 204 a 33. (The Pythagoreans) both hold that 
the infinite is being, and divide it. 

iv. 6; 218 b 22. And the Pythagoreans say that 
there is a void, and that it enters into the heaven itself 
from the infinite air, as though it (the heaven) were 
breathing; and this void defines the natures of things, 
inasmuch as it is a certain separation and definition of 
things that lie together; and this is true first in the 
case of numbers, for the void defines the nature of 
these. 

De coel. i. 1; 26810. Foras the Pythagoreans say, 
the all and all things are defined by threes; for end and 
middle and beginning constitute the number of the all, 
and also the number of the triad. 

ii. 2; 284 b 6. And since there are some who say that 
there is a right and left of the heavens, as, for instance, 


PYTHAGORAS AND THE PYTHAGOREANS 135 


those that are called Pythagoreans (for such is their 
doctrine), we must investigate whether it is as they say. 

li. 2; 285a 10. Wherefore one of the Pythagoreans 
might be surprised in that they say that there are only 
these two first principles, the right and the left, and 
they pass over four of them as not having the least 
validity ; for there is no less difference up and down, 
and front and back than there is right and left in all 
creatures. 

ii. 2; 285 b 23. And some are dwelling in the upper 
hemisphere and to the: right, while we dwell below and 
to the left, which is the opposite to what the Pytha- 
goreans say; for they put us above and to the right, 
while the others are below and at the left. 

ii. 9; 290 b15. Some think it necessary that noise 
should arise when so great bodies are in motion, since 
sound does arise from bodies among us which are not so 
large and do not move so swiftly ; and from the sun and 
moon and from the stars in so great number, and of 
so great size, moving so swiftly, there must necessarily 
arise a sound inconceivably great. Assuming these 
things and that the swiftness has the principle of 
harmony by reason of the intervals, they say that the 
sound of the stars moving on in a circle becomes musical. 
And since it seems unreasonable that we also do not hear 
this sound, they say that the reason for this is that the 
noise exists in the very nature of things, so as not to be 
distinguishable from the opposite silence; for the dis- 
tinction of sound and silence lies in their contrast with 
each other, so that as blacksmiths think there is no 
difference between them because they are accustomed 
to the sound, so the same thing happens to men. 

ii. 9; 291a7. What occasions the difficulty and makes 
the Pythagoreans say that there is a harmony of the 
bodies as they move, is a proof. Fcr whatever things 


136 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


move themselves make a sound and noise; but whatever 
things are fastened in what moves or exist in it as the 
parts in a ship, cannot make a noise, nor yet does the 
ship if it moves in a river. 

ii. 18; 298219. Theysay that the whole heaven is 
limited, the opposite to what those of Italy, called the 
Pythagoreans, say ; for these say that fire is at the centre 
and that the earth is one of the stars, and that moving 
in a circle about the centre it produces night and day. 
And they assume yet another earth opposite this which 
they call the counter-earth [avriy@wv}, not seeking 
reasons and causes for phenomena, but stretching 
phenomena to meet certain assumptions and opinions 
of theirs and attempting to arrange them in a system. 
. . . And farther the Pythagoreans say that the most 
authoritative part of the All stands guard, because it is 
specially fitting that it should, and this part is the centre; 
and this place that the fire occupies, they call the guard 
of Zeus, as it is called simply the centre, that is, the 
centre of space and the centre of matter and of nature. 

ili. 1; 800a15. The same holds true for those who 
construct the heaven out of numbers; for some con- 
struct nature out of numbers, as do certain of the 
Pythagoreans. 

Metaphys. i.5; 985 b 23-986b8. With these and 
before them (Anaxagoras, Empedokles, Atomists) those 
called Pythagoreans applying themselves to the sciences, 
first developed them ; and being brought up in them 
they thought that the first principles of these (i.c. num- 
bers) were the first principles of all things. And since 
of these (sciences) numbers are by nature the first, in 
numbers rather than in fire and earth and water they 
thought they saw many likenesses to. things that are 
and that are coming to be, as, for instance, justice is 
such a property of numbers, and soul and mind are 


PYTHAGORAS AND THE PYTHAGOREANS 137 


such a property, and another is opportunity, and of other 
things one may say the same of each one. 

+And further, discerning in numbers the conditions 
and reasons of harmonies alsot; since, moreover, other 
things seemed to be like numbers in their entire nature, 
and numbers were the first of every nature, they assumed 
that the elements of numbers were the elements of all 
things, and that the whole heavens were harmony and 
number. And whatever characteristics in numbers and 
harmonies they could show were in agreement with the 
properties of the heavens and its parts and with its 
whole arrangement, these they collected and adapted ;- 
and if there chanced to be any gap anywhere, they 
eagerly sought that the whole system might be con- 
nected with these (stray. phenomena). To give an 
example of my meaning: inasmuch as ten seemed to be 
the perfect number and to embrace the whole nature 
of numbers, they asserted that the number of bodies 
moving through the heavens were ten, and when only 
nine were visible, for the reason just stated they postu- 
lated the counter-earth as the tenth. We have given 
a more definite account of these thinkers in other parts 
of our writings. But we have referred to them here 
with this purpose in view, that we might ascertain from 
them what they asserted as the first principles and in 
what manner they came upon the causes that have been 
enumerated. They certainly seem to consider number 
as the first principle and as it were the matter in things 
and in their conditions and states; and the odd and 
the even are elements of number, and of these the one 
is infinite and the other finite, and unity is the pro- 
duct of both of them; for it is both odd and even, and 
number arises from unity, and the whole heaven, as has 
been said, is numbers. 

A different party in this same school say that the 


138 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


first principles are ten, named according to the following 
table :—finite and infinite, even and odd, one and many; 
right and left, male and female, rest and motion, straight 
and crooked, light and darkness, good and bad, square 
and oblong. After this manner Alkmaeon of Kroton 
seems to have conceived them, and either he received 
this doctrine from them or they from him ; for Alkmaeon 
arrived at maturity when Pythagoras was an old man, 
and his teachings resembled theirs. For he says that 
most human affairs are twofold, not meaning opposites 
reached by definition, as did the former party, but 
opposites by chance—as, for example, white-black, 
sweet-bitter, good-bad, small-great. This philosopher 
let fall his opinions indefinitely about the rest, but the 
Pythagoreans declared the number of the opposites and 
what they were. From both one may learn this much, 
that opposites are the first principles of things; but 
from the latter he may learn the number of these, and 
what they are. But how it is possible to bring them 
into relation with the causes of which we have spoken 
if they have not clearly worked out; but they seem to 
range their elements under the category of matter, for 
they say that being is compounded and formed from 
them, and that they inhere in it. 

987 a 9-27. Down to the Italian philosophers and 
with the exception of them the rest have spoken more 
reasonably about these principles, except that, as we 
said, they do indeed use two principles, and the one of 
these, whence is motion, some regard as one and others 
as twofold. The Pythagoreans, however, while they in 
similar manner assume two first principles, add this which 
is peculiar to themselves: that they do not think that 
the finite and the infinite and the one are certain other 
things by nature, such as fire or earth or any other 
such thing, but the infinite itself and unity itself are 


PYTHAGORAS AND THE PYTHAGOREANS 139 


the essence of the things of which they are predicated, 
and so they make number the essence of all things. So 
they taught after this manner about them, and began 
to discourse and to define what being is, but they made 
it altogether too simple a matter. For they made their 
definitions superficially, and to whatever first the defini- 
tion might apply, this they thought to be the essence of 
the matter; as if one should say that twofold and two 
were the same, because the twofold subsists in the two. 
But undoubtedly the two and the twofold are not the 
same ; otherwise the one will be many—a consequence 
which even they would not draw. So much then may 
be learned from the earlier philosophers and from their 
successors. 

i.6; 987b10. And Plato only changed the name, 
for the Pythagoreans say that things exist by imitation 
of numbers, but Plato, by sharing the nature of numbers. 

i. 6; 987 b 22. But that the one is the real essence of 
things, and not something else with unity as an attribute, 
he affirms, agreeing with the Pythagoreans; and in 
harmony with them he affirms that numbers are the 
principles of being for other things. But it is peculiar 
to him that instead of a single infinite he posits a double 
infinite, an infinite of greatness and of littleness; and it 
is also peculiar to him that he separates numbers from 
things that are seen, while they say that numbers 
are the things themselves, and do not interpose mathe- 
matical objects between them. This separation of the one 
and numbers from things, in contrast with the position 
of the Pythagoreans, and the introduction of ideas, are 
the consequence of his investigation by concepts. 

i. 8; 989 b32-990a 82. Those, however, who carry 
on their investigation with reference to all things, and 
divide things into what are perceived and what are not 
perceived by sense, evidently examine both classes, so 


140 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


one must delay a little longer over what they say. They 
speak correctly and incorrectly in reference to the ques- 
tions now before us. Now’ those who are called Pytha- 
goreans use principles and elements yet stranger than 
those of the physicists, in that they do not take them 
from the sphere of sense, for mathematical objects are 
without motion, except in the case of astronomy- Still, 
they discourse about everything in nature and study it; 
they construct the heaven, they observe what happens in 
its parts tand their states and motionst ; they apply to 
these their first principles and causes, as though they 
agreed entirely with the other physicists that being is only 
what is perceptible and what that which is called heaven 
includes. But their causes and first principles, they say, 
are such as to lead up to the higher parts of reality, and 
are in harmony with this rather than with the doctrines 
of nature. In what manner motion will take place when 
finite and infinite, odd and even, are the only underlying 
realities, they do not say;.nor how it is possible for 
genesis and destruction to take place without motion and 
change, or for the heavenly bodies to revolve. Farther, 
if one grant to them that greatness arises from these 
principles, or if this could be proved, nevertheless, how 
will it be that some bodies are light and some heavy ? 
For their postulates and statements apply no more to 
mathematical objects than to things of sense; accord- 
ingly they have said nothing at all about fire or earth 
or any such objects, because I think they have no dis- 
tinctive doctrine about things of sense. Farther, how 
is if necessary to assume that number and states of 
number are the causes of what is in the heavens and 
what is taking place there from the beginning and now, 
and that there is no other number than that out of 
which the world is composed? For when opinion and 
opportune time are at a certain point in the heavens, 


PYTHAGORAS AND THE PYTHAGOREANS 141 


and a little farther up or down are injustice and judg- 
ment or a mixture of them, and they bring forward as 
proof that each one of these is number, and the result 
then is that at this place there is already a multitude of 
compounded quantities because those states of number 
have each their place—is this number in heaven the 
same which it is necessary to assume that each of these 
things is, or is it something different ? Plato says it is 
different ; still, he thinks that both these things and the 
causes of them are numbers; but the one class are ideal 
causes, and the others are sense causes. 

ii. 1; 996a4. And the most difficult and perplexing 
question of all is whether unity and being are not, as 
Plato and the Pythagoreans say, something different 
from things but their very essence, or whether the un- 
derlying substance is something different, friendship, as 
Empedokles says, or as another says, fire, or water, or air. 

ii. 4; 1001a9. Plato and the Pythagoreans assert 
that neither being nor yet unity is something different 
from things, but that it is the very nature of them, as 
though essence itself consisted in unity and existence. 

1086b 17. Soit turns out that many things of which 
the forms appear different have one form, as the Pytha- 
goreans discovered ; and one can say that there is one 
form for everything, and the others are not forms; and 
thus all things will be one. 

ix. 2; 1053b 11. Whether the one itself is a sort of 
essence, as first the Pythagoreans and later Plato 
affirmed. .. 

xi.7; 1072b 381. And they are wrong who assume, 
as do the Pythagoreans and Speusippos, that the most 
beautiful and the best is not in the first principle, 
because the first principles of plants and animals are 
indeed causes ; for that which is beautiful and perfect is 
in what comes from these first principles. 


142 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


xii. 4; 1078b21. The Pythagoreans (before Demo- 
kritos) only defined a few things, the concepts of which 
they reduced to numbers, as for instance opportunity or 
justice or marriage. . . 

xii.6; 1080b16. The Pythagoreans say that there 
is but one number, the mathematical, but things of 
sense are not separated from this, for they are com- 
posed of it; indeed, they construct the whole heaven 
out of numbers, but not out of unit numbers, for they 
assume that the unities have quantity; but how the 
first unity was so constituted as to have quantity, they 
seem at a loss to say. b 381. All, as many as regard 
the one as the element and first principle of things, except 
the Pythagoreans, assert that numbers are based on 
the unit; but the Pythagoreans assert, as has been 
remarked, that numbers have quantity. 

xii. 8; 1083b9. The Pythagorean standpoint has on 
the one hand fewer difficulties than those that have 
been discussed, but it has new difficulties of its own. 
The fact that they do not regard number as separate, 
removes many of the contradictions ; but it is impossible 
that bodies should consist of numbers, and that this 
number should be mathematical. Nor is it true that 
indivisible elements have quantity; but, granted that 
they have this quality of indivisibility, the units have no 
quantity ; for how can quantity be composed of indivisible 
elements? but arithmetical number consists of units. 
But these say that things are number; at least, they 
adapt their speculations to such bodies as consist of 
elements which are numbers. 

xii. 3; 1090a 20. On the other hand the Pytha- 
goreans, because they see many qualities of numbers in 
bodies perceived by sense, regard objects as numbers, 
not as separate numbers, but as derived from numbers. 
And why ? Because the qualities of numbers exist in 


PYTHAGORAS AND THE PYTHAGOREANS 143 


harmony both in the heaven and in many other things. 
But for those who hold that number is mathematical 
only, it is impossible on the basis of their hypothesis to 
say any such thing; and it has already been remarked 
that there can be no science of these numbers. But we 
say, as above, that there is a science of numbers. LEvi- 
dently the mathematical does not exist apart by itself, 
for in that case its qualities could not exist in bodies. 
In such a matter the Pythagoreans are restrained by 
nothing ; when, however, they construct out of numbers 
physical bodies—out of numbers that have neither 
weight nor lightness, bodies that have weight and light- 
ness—they seem to be speaking about another heaven 
and other bodies than those perceived by sense. 

Eth. i. 4; 1096b5. And the Pythagoreans seem to 
speak more persuasively about it, putting the unity in 
the co-ordination of good things. 

ii. 5; 1106629. The evil partakes of the nature of 
the infinite, the good of the finite, as the Pythagoreans 
conjectured. 

vy. 8; 1132b21. Reciprocity seems to some to be 
absolutely just, as the Pythagoreans say ; for these defined 
the just as that which is reciprocal to another. 

Mor. i. 1; 1182411. First Pythagoras attempted to 
speak concerning virtue, but he did not speak correctly ; 
for bringing virtues into correspondence with numbers, 
he did not make any distinct. , 


PyTHAGORAS AND THE PyTHAGOREANS: PASSAGES IN 
THE DoxoGRAPHISTS. 


Aet. Plac.i. 8; Doz. 280. And again from another 
starting-point, Pythagoras, son of Mnesarchos, a Samian, 
who was the first to call this matter by the name of 
philosophy, assumed as first principles the numbers and 


144 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


the symmetries existing in them, which he calls har- 
monies, and the elements compounded of both, that are 
called geometrical. And again he includes the monad 
and the undefined dyad among the first principles; and 
for him one of the first principles tends toward the 
creative and form-giving cause, which is intelligence, 
that is god, and the other tends toward the passive and 
material cause, which is the visible universe. And he 
says that the starting-point of number is the decad; for 
all Greeks and all barbarians count as far as ten, and 
when they get as far as this they return to the monad. 
And again, he says, the power of the ten is in the four 
and the tetrad. And the reason is this: if any one 
treturningt from the monad adds the numbers in a 
series as far as the four, he will fill out the number 
ten (i.e. 1+2+8+4=10); but if he goes beyond the 
number of the tetrad, he will exceed the ten. Just 
as if one should add one and two and should add to 
these three and four, he will fill out the number ten; so 
that according to the monad number is in the ten, but 
potentially in the four. Wherefore the Pythagoreans 
were wont to speak as though the greatest oath were 
the tetrad: ‘By him that transmitted to our soul the 
tetraktys, which has the spring and root of ever-flowing 
nature. And our soul, he says, is composed of the 
tetrad; for it is intelligence, understanding, opinion, 
sense, from which things come every art and science, 
and we ourselves become reasoning beings. The monad, 
however, is intelligence, for intelligence sees according 
to the monad. As for example, men are made up of 
many parts, and part by part they are devoid of sense 
and comprehension and experience, yet we perceive 
that man as one alone, whom no being resembles, 
possesses these qualities; and we perceive that a horse 
is one, but part by part it is without experience. 


PYTHAGORAS AND THE PYTHAGOREANS 145 


For these are all forms and classes according to monads. 
Wherefore, assigning this limit with reference to each 
one of these, they speak of a reasoning being and a 
neighing being. On this account then the monad is 
intelligence by which we perceive these things. And 
the undefined dyad is science ; fittingly, for all proof and 
all persuasion is part of science, and farther every 
syllogism brings together what is questioned out of some 
things that are agreed upon, and easily proves something 
else; and science is the comprehension of these things, 
wherefore it would be the dyad. And opinion as the 
result of comprehending them is the triad; fittingly, 
for opinion has to do with many things; and the triad 
is quantity, as ‘The thrice-blessed Danaoi.’ On this 
account then he includes the triad. . . . And their 
sect is called Italic because Pythagoras taught in Italy, 
for he removed from Samos, his fatherland, because of 
dissatisfaction with the tyranny of Polykrates. 

Aet. i. 7; Dox. 302. Pythagoras held that one of the 
first principles, the monad, is god and the good, which 
is the origin of the One, and is itself intelligence; but 
the undefined dyad is a divinity and the bad, surrounding 
which is the mass of matter. i. 8; 307. Divine spirits 
[Saiuoves] are psychical beings; and heroes are souls 
separated from bodies, good heroes are good souls, bad 
heroes are bad souls. i. 9; 807. The followers of 
Thales and Pythagoras and the Stoics held that matter 
is variable and changeable and transformable and in a 
state of flux, the whole through the whole. i. 10; 3809. 
Pythagoras asserted that the so-called forms and ideas 
exist in numbers and their harmonies, and in what are 
called geometrical objects, apart from bodies. i. 11; 310. 
Pythagoras and Aristotle asserted that the first causes 
are immaterial, but that other causes involve a union 
or contact with material substance [so that the world is 

L 


146 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


material]. i. 14; 812. The followers of Pythagoras held 
that the universe is a sphere according to the form of 
the four elements ; but. the highest fire alone is conical. 
i. 15; 314. The Pythagoreans call colour the manifesta- 
tion of matter. i.16; 314. Bodies are subject to change 
of condition, and are divisible to infinity. i. 18; 316. 
(After quotation from Arist. Phys. iv. 4; 212 a 20) 
And in his first book on the philosophy of Pythagoras 
he writes that the heaven is one, and that time and 
wind and the void which always defines the places of 
each thing, are introduced from the infinite. And 
among other things he says that place is the immovable 
limit of what surrounds the world, or that in which 
bodies abide and are moved; and that it is full when it 
surrounds body on every side, and empty when it has 
absolutely nothing in itself. Accordingly it is necessary 
for place to exist, and body ; andit is never empty except 
only from the standpoint of thought, for the nature of it 
in perpetuity is destructive of the interrelation of things 
and of the combination of bodies; and motions arise 
according to place of bodies that surround and oppose 
each other; and no infiniteness is lacking, either of 
quantity or of extent. i. 20; 318. Pythagoras said 
that time is the sphere of what surrounds the world. 
i. 21; 318. Pythagoras, Plato: Motion is a certain 
otherness or difference in matter. [This is the common 
limit of all motion.] i. 24; 820. Pythagoras and all 
that assume that matter is subject to change assert that 
genesis and destruction in an absolute sense take place ; 
for from change of the elements and modification and 
separation of them there take place juxtaposition and 
mixture, and intermingling and melting together. 

Aet. Plac. ii. 1; 327. Pythagoras first named the 
circumference of all things the universe by reason of the 
order in it. ii. 4; 880. Pythagoras, Plato, and the Stoics 


PYTHAGORAS AND THE PYTHAGOREANS 147 


held that the universe is brought into being by god. 
And it is perishable so far as its nature is concerned, 
for it is perceived by sense, and therefore material; it 
will not however be destroyed in accordance with the 
foreknowledge and plan of god. ii.6; 334. Pythagoras: 
The universe is made from five solid figures, which are 
called also mathematical; of these he says that earth 
has arisen from the cube, fire from the pyramid, air 
from the octahedron, and water from the icosahedron, 
and the sphere of the all from the dodecahedron. ii. 9; 
338. The followers of Pythagoras hold that there is a 
void outside the universe into which the universe breathes 
forth, and from which it breathes in. ii. 10; 839. 
Pythagoras, Plato, Aristotle: The right hand side of the 
universe is the eastern part from which comes the 
beginning of motion, and the left hand side is the west. 
They say the universe has neither height nor depth, 
in which statement height means distance from below 
upwards, and depth from above downwards. For none 
of the distances thus described exist for the universe, 
inasmuch as it is disposed around the middle of itself, 
from which it extends toward the all, and with reference 
to. which it is the same on every side. ii. 12; 340. 
Thales, Pythagoras, and their followers: The sphere of 
the whole heaven is divided into five circles, which they 
call zones; the first of these is called the arctic zone 
and is ever visible ; the second the summer solstice, 
the third the equinoctial, the fourth the winter solstice, 
and fifth the antarctic zone, which is invisible. And 
the ecliptic called the zodiac in the three middle ones 
is projected to touch the three middle ones. And the 
meridian crosses all these from the north to the opposite 
quarter at right angles. It is said that Pythagoras was 
the first to recognise the slant of the zodiacal circle 
which Oenopides of Chios appropriated as his own dis- 
i 2 


148 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


covery. ii. 18; 848. Herakleides and the Pythagoreans 
asserted that each world [xdcpos] of the stars is air and 
aether surrounding earth in the infinite aether. And 
these doctrines are brought out in the Orphic writings, 
for they construct each world of the stars. i. 22; 352. 
The Pythagoreans: The sun is spherical. ii. 23; 353. 
Plato, Pythagoras, Aristotle: The solstices lie along the 
slant of the zodiacal circle, through which the sun goes 
along the zodiac, and with the accompaniment of the 
tropic circles; and all these things also the globe shows. 
ii.24; 854. Aneclipse takes place when the moon comes 
past. ii. 25; 857. Pythagoras: The moon is a mirror- 
like body. i. 29; 860. Some of the Pythagoreans 
(according to the Aristotelian account and the statement 
of Philip the Opuntian) said that an eclipse of the moon 
takes place, sometimes by the interposition of the earth, 
sometimes by the interposition of the counter-earth 
[avrivyOov]. But it seems to some more recent thinkers 
that it takes place by a spreading of the flame little 
by little as it is gradually kindled, until it gives the com- 
plete full moon, and again, in like manner, it grows 
less until the conjunction, when it is completely extin- 
guished. ii. 80; 361. Some of the Pythagoreans, 
among them Philolaos, said that the earthy appearance 
of the moon is due to its being inhabited by animals 
and by plants, like those on our earth, only greater and 
more beautiful; for the animals on it are fifteen times 
as powerful, not having any sort of excrement, and 
their day is fifteen times as long as ours. But others 
said that the outward appearance in the moon is a 
reflection on the other side of the inflamed circle of the 
sea that is on our earth. ii. 82; 364. Some regard 
the greater year... . as the sixty year period, among 
whom are Oenopides and Pythagoras. 

Aet. Plac. iii. 1; Dox.864. Some of the Pythagoreans 


PYTHAGORAS AND THE PYTHAGOREANS 149 


said that the milky way is the burning of a star that fell 
from its own foundation, setting on fire the region 
through which it passed in a circle, as Phaethon was 
burned. And others say that the course of the sun. 
arose in this manner at the first. And certain ones say 
that the appearance of the sun is like a mirror reflecting 
its rays toward the heaven, and therefore it happens at 
times to refiect its rays on the rainbow in the clouds. 

Aet. ili. 2; 366. Some of the followers of Pythagoras 
say that the comet is one of the stars that are not 
always shining, but emit their light periodically through 
a certain definite time; but others say that it is the 
reflection of our vision into the sun, like reflected 
images. iii. 14; 378. Pythagoras: The earth, after the 
analogy of the sphere of the all, is divided into five 
zones, arctic, antarctic, summer, winter, and equinoctial ; 
of these the middle one he defines to be the middle of the 
earth, called for this very reason the torrid zone; but 
the inhabited one [the one between the arctic and the 
torrid zones] being well-tempered. .. . 

Aet. iv. 2; Dox. 386. Pythagoras holds that number 
moves itself, and he takes number as an equivalent for 
intelligence. iv. 4; 889. Pythagoras, Plato: According 
to a superficial account the soul is of two parts, the one 
possessing, the other lacking, reason; but according to 
close and exact examination, of three parts; for the 
unreasoning part they divide into the emotions and the 
desires. (Theodor. vy. 20); Dox. 890. The successors of 
Pythagoras saying that body is a mixture of five elements 
(for they ranked the aether as ar fifth along with the 
four) held that the powers of the soul are of the same 
number as these. And these they name intelligence 
and wisdom and understanding and opinion and sense- 
perception. iv. 5; 391. Pythagoras: The principle of 
life is about the heart, but the principle of reason and 


150 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


intelligence is about the head. iv.5; 892. Pythagoras et 
al.: The intelligence enters from without. iv. 7; 392. 
Pythagoras, Plato: The soul is imperishable. iv. 9; 
396. Pythagoras et al.: The sense-perceptions are 
deceptive. iv. 9; 897. Pythagoras, Plato: Each of the 
sensations is pure, proceeding from each single element. 
With reference to vision, it was of the nature of aether ; 
hearing, of the nature of wind; smell, of the nature 
of fire; taste, of the nature of moisture; touch, of the 
nature of earth. iv. 14; 405. The followers of Pytha- 
goras and of the mathematicians on reflections of vision : 
For vision moves directly as it were against the bronze 
[of a mirror], and meeting with a firm smooth surface 
it is turned and bent back on itself, meeting some such 
experience as when the arm is extended and then bent 
back to the shoulder. iv. 20; 409. Pythagoras, Plato, 
Aristotle: Sound is immaterial. For it is not air, but 
it is the form about the air and the appearance 
[érupaveia| after some sort of percussion which becomes 
sound ; and every appearance is immaterial ; for it moves 
with bodies, but is itself absolutely immaterial ;! as in 
the case of a bent rod the surface-appearance suffers 
no change, but the matter is what is bent. 

Aet. Plac. v.1; 415. Pythagoras did not admit the 
sacrificial part alone (of augury). v. 3; 417. Pytha- 
goras: The seed is foam of the best part of the blood, 
a secretion from the nourishment, like blood and marrow. 
v. 4; 417. Pythagoras, Plato, Aristotle: The power of 
seed is immaterial, like intelligence, the moving power ; 
but the matter that is poured forth is material. v. 20; 
432. Pythagoras, Plato: The souls of animals called 
unreasoning are reasonable, not however with active 
reasoning powers, because of an imperfect mixture of 
the bodies and because they do not have the power of 

' Cf. Galen, 27; Dow. 615 sq. 


PYTHAGORAS AND THE PYTHAGOREANS 151 


speech, as in the case of apes and dogs; for these have 
intelligence but not the power of speech. 

Ar. Did. Ep. Fr. 32; Dox. 467. Apollodoros in the 
second book Concerning the gods: It is the Pythagorean 
opinion that the morning and the evening star are the 
same. 

Theophr. Phys. Op. Fr. 17; Dox. 492. Favorinus 
says that he (Pythagoras) was the first to call the heavens 
a universe and the earth round [otpoyytrn7}. 

Cie. de Deor. Nat. i. 11; Philod. piet. Fr. c 4b; Dox. 
533. For Pythagoras, who held that soul is extended 
through all the nature of things and mingled with them, 
and that from this our souls are taken, did not see that 
god would be separated and torn apart by the separation 
of human souls; and when souls are wretched, as might 
happen to many, then part of god would be wretched ; 
a thing which could not happen. | 

Hippol. Phil. 2; Dox. 555. There is a second philo- 
sophy not far distant from the same time, of which 
Pythagoras, whom some call a Samian, was the first 
representative. And this they call the Italian philo- 
sophy because Pythagoras fled the rule of Polykrates 
over the Samians and settled in a city of Italy where 
he spent his life. The successive leaders of this sect 
shared the same spirit. And he in his studies of 
nature mingled astronomy and geometry and musie 
<and arithmetic>. And thus he asserted that god is 
a monad, and examining the nature of number with 
especial care, he said that the universe produces melody 
and is put together with harmony, and he first proved 
the motion of the seven stars to be rhythm and melody. 
And in wonder at the structure of the universe, he 
decreed that at first his disciples should be silent, as it 
were mystae who were coming into the order of the all ; 
then when he thought they had sufficient education 


152 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


in the principles of truth, and had sought wisdom 
sufficiently in regard to stars and ‘in regard to nature, 
he pronounced them pure and then bade them speak. 
He separated his disciples into two groups, and called 
one esoteric, and the other exoteric. To the former 
he entrusted the more perfect sciences, to the latter 
the more moderate. And he dealt with magic, as they 
say, and himself discovered the art of physiognomy. 
Postulating both numbers and measures he was wont 
to say that the first principle of arithmetic em- 
braced philosophy by combination, after the following 
manner : ' 

Number is the first principle, a thing which is unde- 
fined, incomprehensible, having in itself all numbers 
which could reach infinity in amount. And the first 
principle of numbers is in substance the first monad, 
which is a male monad, begetting as a father all other 
numbers. Secondly the dyad is female number, and 
the same is called by the arithmeticians even. Thirdly 
the triad is male number; this the arithmeticians have 
been wont to call odd. Finally the tetrad is a female 
number, and the same is called even because it is 
female. 

All numbers, then, taken by elasses are fours (for 
number is undefined in reference to class), of which is 
composed the perfect number, the decad. For the 
series, one two three and four, becomes ten, if its own 
name is kept in its essence by each of the numbers. 
Pythagoras said that this sacred tetraktys is ‘the spring 
having the roots of ever-flowing nature’ in itself, and 
from this numbers have their first principle. For the 
eleven and the twelve and the rest derive from the 
ten the first principle of their being. The four parts of 
the decad, this perfect number, are called number, 
monad, power, and cube. And the interweavings and 


PYTHAGORAS AND THE PYTHAGOREANS 153 


minglings of these in the origin of growth are what 
naturally completes nascent number ; for when a power 
is multiplied upon itself, it is the power of a power; 
and when a power is multiplied on a cube, it is the 
power of a cube; and when a cube is multiplied on a 
cube, the cube of a cube; thus all numbers, from which 
arises the genesis of what arises, are seven :—number, 
monad, power, cube, power of a power, power of a cube, 
cube of a cube. 

He said that the soul is immortal, and that it changes 
from one body to another ;! so he was wont to say that 
he himself had been born before the Trojan war as 
Aethalides, and at the time of the Trojan war as 
Euphorbos, and after that as Hermotimos of Samos, 
then as Pyrrhos of Delos, fifth as Pythagoras. And 
Diodoros of Eretria and Aristoxenos the musician say 
that Pythagoras had come into Zaratas of Chaldaea ; 
and he set forth that in his view there were from the 
beginning two causes of things, father and mother ; 
and the father is light and the mother darkness; and 
the parts of light are warm, dry, light, swift; and of 
darkness are cold, moist, heavy, slow; and of these all 
the universe is composed, of male and female. And he 
says that the universe exists in accordance with musical 
harmony, so the sun also makes an harmonious period. 
And concerning the things that arise from the earth 
and the universe they say that Zaratas spoke as follows: 
There are two divinities, one of the heavens and the 
other of the earth; the one of the earth produces 
things from the earth, and it is water; and the divinity 
of the heavens is fire with a portion of air, warm, and 
cold ; wherefore he says that none of these things will 
destroy or even pollute the soul, for these are the essence 
of all things. And it is said that Zaratas forbade men 

ji Cf. Epiph. Haer. i. 7; Dow. 589. 


154 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


to eat beans because he said that at the beginning and 
composition of all things when the earth was still a 
whole, the bean arose. And he says that the proof of 
this is that if one chews a bean to a pulp and exposes it 
to the sun for a certain time (for the sun will affect it 
quickly), it gives out the odour of humanseed. And he 
says that there is another and clearer proof: if when a 
bean is in flower we were to take the bean and its flower, 
and putting it into a pitcher moisten it and then bury it in 
_ the earth, and after a few days dig it up again, we should 
seein the first place that it had the form of a womb, and 
examining it closely we should find the head of a child 
growing with it. 

He perished in a conflagration with his disciples in 
Kroton in Italy. And it was the custom when one 
became a disciple for him to burn his property and to - 
leave his money under a seal with Pythagoras, and he 
remained in silence sometimes three years, sometimes 
five years, and studied. And immediately on being 
released from this he mingled with the others and con- 
tinued a disciple and made his home with them; other- 
wise he took his money and was sent off. The esotéric 
class were called Pythagoreans, and the others Pytha- 
goristae. And those of the disciples who escaped the 
conflagration were Lysis and Archippos and Zalmoxis 
the slave of Pythagoras, who is said to have taught the 
Pythagorean philosophy to the Druids among the Celts.! 
Itis said that Pythagoras learned numbers and measures 
from the Egyptians; astonished at the wisdom of the 
priests, which was deserving of belief and full of fancies 
and difficult to buy, he imitated it and himself also 
taught his disciples to be silent, and obliged the student 
to remain quietly in rooms underneath the earth. 

Kpiph. Pro. i.; Dox. 587. Pythagoras laid down 

‘ Cf. 25; Dox. 574. 


’ PYTHAGORAS AND THE PYTHAGOREANS 155 


the doctrine of the monad and of foreknowledge and the 
interdict on sacrificing to the gods then believed on, and 
he bade men not to partake of beings that had life, and to 
refrain from wine. And he drew a line between the 
things from the moon upwards, calling these immortal, 
and those below, which he called mortal; and he taught 
the transmigration of souls from bodies into bodies even 
as far as animals and beasts. And he used to teach his 
followers to observe silence for a period of five years, 
Finally he named himself a god. 

Epiph. Haer. i. 8; Dox. 390. Pythagoras the 
Samian, son of Mnesarchos, said that the monad is god, 
and that nothing has been brought into being apart 
from this. He was wont to say that wise men ought 
not to sacrifice animals to the gods, nor yet to eat 
what had life, or beans, nor to drink wine. And he was 
wont to say that all things from the moon downward 
were subject to change, while from the moon upward 
they were not. And he said that the soul goes at death 
into other animals. And he bade his disciples to keep 
silence for a period of five years, and finally he named 
himself a god. 

Herm. J.G.P.16; Dox. 655. Others then from the 
ancient tribe, Pythagoras and his fellow-tribesmen, 
revered and taciturn, transmitted other dogmas to me 
as mysteries, and this is the great and unspeakable ipse- 
dixit: the monad is the first principle of all things. 
From its forms and from numbers the elements arose. 
And he declared that the number and form and measure 
of each of these is somehow as follows :—Fire is com- 
posed of twenty-four right-angled triangles, surrounded 
by four equilaterals. And each equilateral consists of 
six right-angled triangles, whence they compare it to the 
pyramid. Air is composed of forty-eight triangles, sur- 
rounded by eight equilaterals. And it is compared to 


156 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


the octahedron, which is surrounded by eight equilateral 
triangles, each of which is separated into six right-angled 
triangles so as to become forty-eight in all. And water 
is composed of one hundred and twenty triangles, sur- 
rounded by twenty equilaterals, and itis compared to the 
icosahedron, which is composed of one hundred and 
twenty equilateral triangles. And aether is composed 
of twelve equilateral pentagons, and is like a dodeca- 
hedron. And earth is composed of forty-eight tri- 
angles, and is surrounded by six equilateral pentagons, 
and it is like a cube. For the cube is surrounded 
by six tetragons, each of which is separated into eight 
triangles, so that they become in all forty-eight. 


| 
Or 
=~] 

by 


X. 
EMPEDOKLES. 


EMpEDoKLEs, son of Meton, grandson of an Empedokles 
who was a victor at Olympia, made his home at Akragas 
in Sicily. He was born about 494 z.c., and lived to the 
age of sixty. The only sure date in his life is his visit 
to Thourioi soon after its foundation (444). Various 
stories are told of his political activity, which may 
be genuine traditions ; these illustrate a democratic 
tendency. At the same time he claimed almost the 
homage due to a god, and many miracles are attributed 
to him. His writings in some parts are said to imitate 
Orphic verses, and apparently his religious activity was 
in line with this sect. His death occurred away from 
Sicily—probably in the Peloponnesos. 


Literature :—Sturz, Emped. vita et phil. carm. rell. 
Lips. 1805; Karsten, E’mped. carm. reli. Amst. 
1838 ; Bergk, Kleine Schriften, Berl. 1839 ; Pan- 
zerbieter, Beitr. z. Krituk u. Erkl. d. Emped. 
Meining. 1844 ; Stein, Hmped. Frag. Bonn 1852 ; 
Schneidewin, Philol. xv.; H. Diels; Hermes xv. 
pp. 161-179 ; Gorgias und Empedocles, Acad. 
Berol. 1884; Unger, Philol. Suppl. 1888, pp. 
511-550; O. Kern, Archi f. d. Gesch. d. Philos. 
i. 498 ff. ; Knatz, ‘ Empedoclea’ in Schedae Phil. 
H. Usener oblatae, Bonn 1891; A. Platt, Journal 
of Philology, xxiv. p. 246 ; Bidez, Archiv, ix. 190 ; 
Gomperz, Hermes, xxxi. p. 469. 





Norz.—I print Stein’s numbers at the left of the Greek text, Karsten’s 
-numbers at the right. 


158 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


10 


15 


FRAGMENTS OF EMPEDOKLES. 
EPI ®YTSEQS TPOTOS. 


Tavoavia, od 83 Kri0t, Saippovos ’Ayyxirov vie. 


oTEWOTOL Mev yap TaAdpwaL KATA Yuta KéYUTAL* 

morra b& Sead eumaa, ta 7 apBd0vovor 
pepluvas. 

mavpov 52 Cwijs aBlov pépos aOpicavtes 

@Kvpopo KaTrvoto Sikny apbévtes arrértay, 

avdTo movoy mEtaOévTEs, OT@ TpOTeKUpCEV EKATTOS 

mavtoo édavvdpmevos, TO 8 ONO par evyETaL 
evpetv* 

ovTws ovT’ émidepxtTa Tad’ avdpdcw ovd éra- 
KovoTa 

oUTE VOM TEp\AnTTa. ad OS our, érel OO ENIG- 
cOns, 

mevoeae ov TAoV He BpoTtEin wHTLS OTwTED. 


an + J 

GNA, Oeol, THY wey pavinv aTroTpée ate ywoo- 

ons, 
3 Py e / / fal \ > vA 
Kx oclwy aTouatwv Kabaphy dyeTevoaTe 

/ 
yyy. 
/ 

Kal of, ToAUvpVHOTH AEVKwAEVE Tapbéve Modoa, 
” 
avTopat, Ov Oéuis éotiv epnweplovaw aKoverr, 

r en , » / % 9.7 oe 
TéuTre Tap evoePins, 2ddovo’ edyviov apua* 


Sources and Critical Notes. 


54 


40 


45 


1. Diog. Laer. viii. 60. 2-10. Sext. Emp. Math. vii. 123-124. 
3. Prokl. on Tim. p. 175. 5. Plut. Mor. 360c. 6. Diog. Laer. ix. 73; 
8-9a. Plut. Mor. 17 z. 


11-23. Sext. Emp. Math. vii. 125. 


3. MSS, deAcuméa, corr. Emperius. Prokl. Sew’ érea. 4. MSS. (wher 
Biov, corr. Scaliger. CFR d6polcavros. 7. MSS. édavyduevor, 
7d 8° dAoy etxerat, corr. Stein. 9. Bergk adds 3 after ov. 
10. MSS. mAcidy ye, Karsten mAéov’ #%, Stein madov: MSS. 


dpwpev, corr. Panzerbieter. 


18. Prokl. Tim. 106; Plut. Mor. 93 x. 
12. MSS. oxevoare, corr. Steph. 16. MSS. o¢, Stein »é. 17. Sext. 


16-17. Clem. Al. Strom. p. 682: 


EMPEDOKLES 159 


TRANSLATION. 


Book I. 


1. And do thou hear me, Pausanias, son of wise 
Anchites. 


2. For scant means of acquiring knowledge are 
scattered among the members of the body; and many 
are the evils that break in to blunt the edge of studious 
thought. And gazing on a little portion of life that is 
not life, swift to meet their fate, they rise and are borne 
away like smoke, persuaded only of that on which each 
one chances as he is driven this way and that, but the 
whole he vainly boasts he has found. ‘Thus these things 
are neither seen nor heard distinctly by men, nor com- 
prehended by the mind. And thou, now that thou hast 
withdrawn hither, shalt learn no more than what mortal 


mind has seen. 


11. But, ye gods, avert the madness of those men 
from my tongue, and from lips that are holy cause a pure 
stream to flow. And thee I pray, much-wooed white- 
armed maiden Muse, in what things it is right for beings 
of a day to hear, do thou, and Piety, driving obedient 
car, conductmeon. Nor yet shall the flowers of honour 


160 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


und: pé y’ evd0Eovo Bujoetar avOea Tipijs 

mpos Ovntav avedécOar, ef’ 6 O oains mréov 
elmrety 

Odpaosi kal Tore 8H codins er’ dKxporor Boalew. 

GAN ay’ GOper waon Tardy TH Sijrov Exactov, 

20 prjre tw’ Ow yor Tiotet TAgOV 7) KAT AkoUnY «50 
pir’ axonv épidovrrov brep Tpavopwata yocans, 
pte TL TOV AOD, OTOT@Y TOPOS zoTL VOHTAL, 
yulev miotiv puxe, voew & 4 Sijdov Exacrov. 


bdppaxa 8 dcca yeyaot KakOv Kal yjpaos adKap 
25 wevon, érel povvm col yw Kpavéw Tade TavTa. 425 
mavoes § dKxapadtov avéuwv pévos of 7 etl 
yatav 
dpvdpevor Tvoiaiar KaTtapOiviOova.y apovpas* 
kal Tadu, ed7 20éAno0a, TadicovTa TvEevpaT’ 
erraéeis* 
Ojoes 8 2& duBporo KeXaLvOv Kaipioy avypov 
30 dvOpHrois, Onces 52 Kai 2E avypoto Oepelov 430 
pevuata SevdpecOperta Kat’ aidépos aiccovta’ 
d&eus 8 2& ’Aidao xatapOipévov pévos avdpos. 


Técoapa TOV TdvTeV pilopuata TpaTov aKove’ 55 
Zevs apyys “Hpn te pepéc Bros 75° ’Acdwveds 





MSS. epwdoelns, corr. Steph. Clem. confirms correction. 18. MSS. 
GoaCet, Plut. @aulfe, corr. Hermann. 19. MSS. dada yap pec 


mas, corr. Bergk. 20. Bergk te. . . moriv, Gomperz, dpe 
éxwv rior mréov’. 22. MSS. érd07n, corr. Stein. 23. MSS. 6’, 
Karsten 3. 


24-32. Diog. Laer. viii. 59 from Satyros; Suidas under é&rvovs ; 
Eudocia, p. 170; Tzetzes, Chil. ii. 906 f.; Iriarte, Catal. Matrit. p. 
450. 26-28. Clem. Al. Strom. p. 754. 

27. Clem. @vnrote:; Clem., Diog. Laer. Vin. MS., Tzt. dpovpas. Else- 
where &povpay. 28. Clem. eé7’, others #v «’. Diog., Clem. 
madiytira, corr. Stein. 29. Tzt. ortoes, Suidas ories. 
30. Tat. orjoes. 31. Diog. ra 3° ev Oper ahoayra, Hermann 
747° aidépt aidtccoyra, corr. Stein. 

33-35. Sext. Emp. Math. ix. 362, and x. 315; Plut. Mor. 8784 
(Eus. Pr. Evang. xiv. p. 749) ; Probus on Verg. Ecl. vi. 31; Hipp. Ref. 


EMPEDOKLES 161 


well esteemed compel me to pluck them from mortal 
hands, on condition that I speak boldly more than is 
holy and only then sit on the heights of wisdom. 


19. But come, examine by every means each thing 
how it is clear, neither putting greater faith in anything 
seen than in what is heard, nor in a thundering sound 
more than in the clear assertions of the tongue, nor 
keep from trusting any of the other members in which 
there lies means of knowledge, but know each thing in 


the way in which it is clear. 


24. Cures for evils whatever there are, and protec- 
tion against old age shalt thou learn, since for thee alone 
will I accomplish all these things. Thou shalt break 
the power of untiring gales which rising against the 
earth blow down the crops and destroy them; and, 
again, whenever thou wilt, thou shalt bring their blasts 
back ; and thou shalt bring seasonable drought out of 
dark storm for men, and out of summer drought thou 
shalt bring streams. pouring down from heaven to 
nurture the trees; and thou shalt lead out of Hades the 


spirit of a man that is dead. 


83. Hear first the four roots of all things: bright 
Zeus, life-giving Hera (air), and Aidoneus (earth), and 
Nestis who moistens the springs of men with her tears.! 


1 Cf. Dow. p. 90, n. 3. 


162 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


85 Nijoris 0’ 4 Saxpiors Téyyer Kpovvapa Bporevov. 
dro 84 ror épéw* dicts ovdevds 2otiv aTravTwv 
bunrav, ovdé Tis obAOpEvov Oavdrevo TEdEvTH, 

GANG povov peikis re SiddAakis Te peyévTov 
go7l, pias & eri rots dvouatetas avOpairroow. 80 

40 of & bre ev cata dota puyev pas aidépe <ixn> 
h Kata Onpav dypotépwy yévos 4 Kata Oapver 
He KaT’ OlwYOY, TOTE psy TA A€yovEL yEevér Oat ° 
evte © drroxpibéwo, Ta 8 ad Svodaipova Totpov, 345 
4) Oduis éori, kadodor, vou & eins Kal adres. 

45 shee ov yap sides done ghaxdpovds lot pépipuval, 
of 89 yiyveo Oat mapos otk 2ov em iLovow 
Hn Tt KaTaOvynoKe Te Kal 2€oAAVCOaL arrdvTH. 

ix Te yap ovdap’ éovtos dunyavor éott yevécOar, 81 





haer. 246; Stob. Hcl. i. 10, p. 287. 34-35. Athenag. Legatio, p. 22; 
Diog. Laer. viii. 76; Herakl. Alleg. Hom. 443 a. Clem. Al. Strom. 
p. 746 joins 33, 78, and 104. 
33. trav, Sext. yap, Prob. 5). Last word Prob. éaow. 34. Plut. 
Zebs aidhp. 35. Diog. Laer. émimixpot dupa Bpdresov, Prob. ye 
miKpois vwpa (vend ?) Bpdresoy yévos. 
36-39. Plut. Mor. 1111 Fr, 885p. 36b, 38. Arist. Gen. Corr.I.1; 
314b7; Meta. iv. 4; 1015a1. 38, 39. Arist. de X.Z.G. c. 2 975 b 7. 
36. Plut. de placit. obdtv, adv. Colot. éxdorov. Ar. Meta. ebvtwv. 
37. Plut. adv. Col. obdAopévn 0. yevébAn. 39. Plut. de placit. 
tos 5¢ Bporois. 
40-44, Plut. Colot.1113c. 44. Plut. Mor. 820 Fr. 


40. MSS. re wiv. . . pas aidéps, Mul. 8 7: nev, Panz. ai@épos xn. 
42. MSS. tiv yevéoOa, Reiske 7d Aéyous: yev., Karst. Soxéovct 
yev. 43. MSS. aroxpi0Gor, corr. Ritschl. 44. MSS. elva: xadgovor- 
Suws. Plut. Mor. 820¥ gives the line as in the text. Duebner 
suggests eixalws for elva: here. 

45-47. Plut. Colot. 1113 o. 

47. MS. #ro, corr. Reiske. MS. rdvrn, corr. Steph. 

48-50. Arist. de X.Z.G. 2; 975436. 48-49. Philo, de incorr. mundi 
p. 488. 

48, Vulg. && re wh, Cd. Lps. Syl. é« rod wh, Philo é« rod yap 

ovdauy. 49. MS. ré re dy, Stein kal 7’ dv. Arist. &epnKrov, 


Philo &ravorov. Text from Diels, Hermes xv.p. 161. 50. MS. 
@hoecbat, corr. Karst. 


EMPEDOKLES 163 


36. And a second thing I will tell thee: There is no 
origination of anything that is mortal, nor yet any end in 
baneful death ; but only mixture and separation of what 


is mixed, but men eall this ‘ origination.’ 
o 


40. But when light is mingled with air in human 
form, or in form like the race of wild beasts or of plants _ 
or of birds, then men say that these things have come 
into being; and when they are separated, they call them 
evil fate; this is the established practice, and I myself 


also call it.so in accordance with the custom. 


45. Fools! for they have no far-reaching studious 
thoughts who think that what was not before comes 


into being or that anything dies and perishes utterly. 


48. For from what does not exist at all it is impos- 
sible that anything come into being, and it is neither 
possible nor perceivable that being should perish com- 
pletely; for things will always stand wherever one in 


each case shall put them. 
m2 


164 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


/ \. 9 = 
kal 7 gov sEarroddoOat avnvuetov Kal aTUaTOV 
K ek, § \ / ee / AN > (S 
50 alel yap orncovras bmn KE TLS alev pelo. 


an \ / 
obx dy aynp ToLadTa copos ppeci pavtevoaito, 350 
a \ \ / 4 
ws dpa pév Te Biodor, TO 67 BioTov Kadzovor, 
\ 
Toppa pav odv eicly Kal odw Tapa berra Kal 
écOXa, 
apiv d¢ mayev Te BpoTol Kat érrel AvVOev, ovdEV 
dip’ siclv. 
55 Gd Kakols piv Kapta TédEL KpaTéovoLy 
aTLOTELD. 84 
e \ Mae / / , vA 
ws 83 rap’ jpetépns KéheTas TIaT@paTa Movons, 
ae / ibe) / / 
yvabs, ScatunOévtos evi omrAayyvoict Noyoo. 


Kopuas ETEpas ETEpNTL TPOTATT HV 447 
pvOwv, pyte Tedely ATpaTroy pilav * 
60 Sis yap wal tpls Se? & te 82 Kadov éotw évi- 
OTrEW. 446 
[welpata pv0ar] 87 
dim’ épéw' ToTE pev yap sv NVENOn povov eivar 





51-54. Plut. Colot. 1113 p. 
53. MSS. eiot kal ogi, corr. Karst. MSS. dewa, corr. Bergk. 


55-57. Clem. Al. Strom. 656. 56-57. Theod. Serm. 476 Sch. 
56. Theod. &d¢ yap. 
58-59. Plut. de orac. def. 418c. Arranged in verse by Xylander, 
MSS. are Aéyew corr. Knatz, Empedoclea, p. 7. 


60. Plut. non pos. swav. viv. 1103 F Sls yap d Se? Kadrdy éorw axodoa, 
Schol. Plat. Gorg. 124 Ruhnk. dls nal rpls 7d kadrdv. . . "Eumed. 7d eros 
“kad dls yap db Se? Kaddy eorw évlorev.” Text from Sturz. 

61-73. Simpl. in Arist. Phys. 34 r 158,1 sq. 66-68. Tzetzes, Hom. 
58 Sch. 67-73. Simpl. de caelo Peyr. p. 47 sq. 67-68. Simpl. Phys. 
6yv 25, 29, and 310r. Diog. Laer. viii. 76; Stob. Hcl. i. 11, p.290; 
vit. Hom. p. 327 Gal. 69-73. Arist. Phys viii. 1; 250 b 30. 


61. Karst. supplies welpara wv0«y from vy. 75. 62. Cf. 104. 65. EH 
Spupbeion, MS. dperrh. 66-67. Cf. 116-117. 68. Simpl. 158, 
8 dixa mévra, Elsewhere as in text. 69. Om. Simpl. 158 b 
1. 73. MSS. ax«ivnro: corr. Bergk. 


EMPEDOKLES ; 165 

51. A man of wise mind could not divine such things 

as these, that so long as men live what indeed they call 
life, so long they exist and share what is evil and what 
is excellent, but before they are formed and after they 


are dissolved, they are really nothing at all. 


55. But for base men it is indeed possible to withhold 
belief from strong proofs; but do thou learn as the 
pledges of our Muse bid thee, and lay open her word to 


the very core. 


58. Joining one heading to another in discussion, 
not completing one path (of discourse) . .. for it is 


right to say what is excellent twice and even thrice. 


60. Twofold is the truth I shall speak; for at one 
time there grew to be one alone out of many, and 
at another time, however, it separated so that there 
were many out of the one. Twofold is the coming into 
being, twofold the passing away, of perishable things ; 


for the latter (i.e. ‘passing away) the combining of 


166 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


2x mreovev, tots 8 avd Siépv mréov’ 2& Evos 
elvat. 
Sout 88 Ovntav yéveots, Son & arrorenpis. 90 
Thy pv yap TavTwy ovvodos Tixtel T’ OdéEKEL TE, 
65 % 53 wadw Siadvopévor OpepOeioa Siérrn. 
Kal Tad’ adddooovta Staptrepés ovdapa Arjyet, 
Grote psv Pidornte cuvepyouer’ eis 8v arravta, 
adrote & ad Six’ Exacta gopevweva Neikeos 
Eyer, 95 
118 els 6 xev Sv cvupdivta To wav iTévepOe yévntar. 144 
obtws H pev bv éx TAEOVaY pEeuaOnke HvEecOaL 
70 7S madw Siabdytos évds mréov’ ExTeeOover, 
TH psy ylyvovrai Te Kal ov odiow zurredos aiwv- 
9 58 Tad’ GdrXdooorTa Siaptrepés ovdapa AHYEL, 


TaUTY aisv acl aKiwynTov KaTAa KUKXOD. 100 
GN ays, pvO@v KrDOL, abn yap Tor Ppévas 
av&e.. 


rs e \ \ \ ” , / 
75 ws yap xal mply gera tipatcxov telpata 
pvOor, 
Sim’ épéw* rote wiv yap Sv nvEnOn povov eivat 





74-95. Simpl. Phys. 34 r 158, 13 sq. following the preceding with- 
out break. 74. Stob. Hcl. App. 34 Gais.; ef. Clem. Al. Strom. 697. 
77-80. Simpl. Phys. 6 v 26, 1; Sext. Emp. Math. ix. 10. 78. Plut. 
de adult. p. 63; Clem. Al. Strom. 746 (with v. 33). 79-80. Sext. 
Emp. Math. x. 317. 79. Plut. Mor. 9528. 80-81. Plut. Amat. 756 p. 
81. Clem. Al. Strom. 653; Simpl. Phys. 41r188,26. 91. Cf. Stob. Ecl. 
i. 18; Placit.i.18 and Theod. iv. 529¢ (Dox. 316); Galen, Hist. phil. 

0. 92. Arist. X.Z7.G.975b10. Simpl. omits 91. 
74. Simpl. uéén, corr. Bergk from Stob. and Clem. 78. Sext. 
mov, Clem. aifépos, Plut. aiécpos Hmov. 79. Simpl. écacroy, 
Sext. ardyrp, corr. Panz. 80. Plut. év rots, Sext. piAim .. . 
Yoov. 81. Simpl. aF ody v@; eof. Plut. 82. Simpl. F pvrotow: 
Bergk, Karst. eviferax. 83. Simpl. DE xai &p@uia, F nad dp’ 
duo, 85. Simpl. wer’ bcoiww, Pang. ued’ Sroiow, Prel. 7’ 
doooorw. { have suggested wera roiow. 89. Simpl. cal xpds rors 
ot’ Gpri. Cf. 159, 8 unity exvyiverda: und’ awodtyew, corr. Stein. 
93. Simpl. DEa xe kal xhpvt, F omits xe, corr. Stein (notes). 


95. D yivovra, MS. &adore, corr. Stein. DE xal avexts (cf. 
Hesych.), aF’ dinvekés. 


EMPEDOKLES 167 
all things both begets and destroys, and the former 
(i.e. coming into being), which was nurtured again out 
of parts that were being separated, is itself scattered. 
66. And these (elements) never cease changing place 
continually, now being all united by Love into one, now 
each borne apart by the hatred engendered of Strife, 
until they are brought together in the unity of the all, 
and become subject to it. Thus inasmuch as one 
has been wont to arise out of many and again with the 
separation of the one the many arise, so things are con- 
tinually coming into being and there is no fixed age 
for them; and farther inasmuch as they [the elements] 
never cease changing place continually, so they always 


exist within an immovable circle. 


74, But come, hear my words, for truly learning 
causes the mind to grow. For as I said before in 
declaring the ends of my words: Twofold is the truth 


I shall speak; for at one time there grew to be the one 


168 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


ix TrEbvev, ToT 8 ad Siépu wréov’ 2& Evis civat, 
\ mip kat bSwp Kal yaia wai aidgpos da)erov 
irpos * 105 
Neixés 7’ ovAOpmevov Sixa TOV, ATaNAYTOV EKATTO, 
«i ‘80 Kab hor NS év toto lon mijkos TE TAATOS TE. 
Thy ‘ov A S€oxev nd dppacw hoo TeOnTos, 
iris Kal Ovnrotar vomiterat Eugutos apOpors, 
rH Te Hida dpovéover Kal dpOwa Epya Tededoe, 110 
ynbootvnv Kadéovtes era@vupov 40 ’“Adpodirny’ 
85 thy odris tuer’ Soorow EXLcoomévny Sedanxe 
Oynros avjp. av 8 dxove Adyou oTddov ovK 
aTraTnrov. 
radta yap tod Te Tavta Kal HrAlKa YyévvaV Zact, 
Tyuns & &ddAns aro pedsr, mapa & 700s éxdor@. 115 
ovdev yap Tpos Tots érruylyveTat ovS arodryet. 
90 cite yap ébOeipovto Siaputrepés, ovKér’ av Hoar. 
ovog TL TOD TavTOs KEvEoV TéAEL OVOE TEPLT OD. 
TovTo & éravéncee 70 wav Ti Ke Kal TOoOEv 
2nOov; 120 
mh O¢ Ke Kal amodolat eet tTavd ovdév 
Zpnpov ; 
112 éy 88 péper xpatéover TepiTropévoto KUKAOLO 





96-109. Simpl. Phys. 34r 159,13. 98-107. Simpl. Phys. 7 v 33, 8, 
98 and100. Arist. Gen. Corr. i. 1, 314 b 19; Philopon. Comment. on this 
passage; Plut. de prim. frig. 249 r; Galen, vol. xiii. p. 31 Chart. 
104-107". Arist. Meta. ii. 4; 1000229: 
98. Arist. Philopon. Aevxdy . . . Oepudy, Simpl. Galen @eppdy .. . 
Aaumpoy: Simpl. Arist. épiv, Plut. Aristot. dpa, Simpl. F’ dpa. 
99, Simpl. era: or éderr0: Stein Boca wéret, Diels Soca ber 
ze. 100. Some MSS. Arist. and Plut. Copdevra. 101. Simpl. 
6éAnua, a Ocdriuva, corr. Sturz: Simpl. 33, 11 crepéwua. 102. 
Simpl. 159, 19 réAovra. 104. Simpl. 159, 21 D mavrds &rny, 
a F mdvr’ hy: Arist. Met. c& dv wav@ 80a 7’ Fv boa 7’ eo?” 
doa 7’ Fora: dricow. 105. Simpl. 133, 15 dév5pa re BeBadornke, 
108. ED toyov, Diels ré y bv? Hermes xv. 163 técov: 
E dtdxpacis, D Sidepiors. Sturz. dudwrviis from Simpl. 34 v 
161, 20. Platt 5: Kémpis duelBe: Jowrn. Philol. 48, p. 246. 
I bracket 108-109 as another form of 94-95. 


EMPEDOKLES | 169 


alone out of many, and at another time it separated so 
that there were many out of the one; fire and water 
and earth and boundless height of air, and baneful 
Strife apart from these, balancing each of them, and 
Love among them, their equal in length and breadth. 
81. Upon her do thou gaze with thy mind, nor yet sit 
dazed in thine eyes; for she is wont to be implanted in 
men’s members, and through her they have thoughts of 
love and accomplish deeds of union, and call her by the 
names of Delight, and Aphrodite; no mortal man has 
discerned her with them (the elements) as she moves on 
her way. But do thou listen to the undeceiving course 
of my words.!... 

87. For these (elements) are equal, all of them, and 
of like ancient race; and one holds one office, another 
another, and each has his own nature. . . . For nothing 
is added to them, nor yet does anything pass away from 
them ; for if they were continually perishing they would 
no longer exist... . Neither is any part of this all 
empty, nor over full. For how should anything cause 
this all to increase, and whence should it come? And 
whither should they (the elements) perish, since no place 
is empty of them? And in their turn they prevail as 
the cycle comes round, and they disappear before 





[adra yap éore TadTa, Sv’ dddjArwv 52 OgovTa 
109 yiverat adroLwrrd. froyov Sia Kpaows apelBet.| 137 


1 Cf. Parmenides y. 112. 


170 ‘THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


113 cal Oliver eis addrmra Kal abferar év péper 188 
aicns. 
94 ddA ab? Eri tadta’ 80 addAndrov 82 Oéovtra = 122 


‘ ‘ e lal 
95 yiverat GdroOev GAXa Kal Hvexes aiev opota. 


110 cal yap wal rdpos Hv Te Kal Eooerat, ovdé ToT’, 
olw, 
111 rovrav audotépwr KewooeTat doreTos aiwy. 


96 aX aye Tavs’ ddpwv Tpotépwv éemriudptupa 
/ 
dépxeu, 
el tt kal év mpotépotoe AuTTOEvAOY ErdeTo poppy. 125 
+s ~ \ ¢ lal \ \ e / 
nédcov pev Oeppov opav Kal Naympov amavTn, 
dpBpota 8 bcca méher te Kal apyéte Severar 
> A 
avyn, 
100 duBpov & év raox dvopoevta Te pryadéov Te, 
2 >] by } / \ 4 
2x 8 -ains mpopéovar Oédupvd Te Kal orEpewTra. 
wo év 82 Koto Sdpopdha kal dvivya ravta Tédovtat, 130 
\ 7 of 3 f A. 3 / a 
avy & &Bn év Biroryte Kai dAAnXOLoL TOOEiTAL. 
2 4 b 4 907 9:9 ¢ er \ 
&k TovTwY yap TavO’ boa 7 HY boa 7 ETL Kal 
zor, 
105 dévdped 7 2BdXdotHcE Kal avépes 752 yuvaixes 
Oijpés 7 oiwvol te Kal bdaToOpéupoves iyOis 


kai Te Geol Sortyatwves Tyshor pépioroL. 135 
as & orétav ypadées dvabnyata TokiiNwow 
120 avépes audi téyvns bro pntios eb SedadTe 155 





110-111. Hippol. Ref. haer. 247 Mill. 


110. MS. ef yap... ora: obdérw rolw, corr. Schneid. Phil. vi. 
160. 111. MS. kevdoera: ic Beoros, corr. Mill. 


112-118. Simpl. Phys. 8r 33, 19. 


114. MS. éor:, corr. Panz. 115. MS. knpav, Stz. Onpar, Bergk 
6vnrav. 118, E év, D dv, F bv, A dv, Text Hermes xv. 163. 
Lines 114-115 are bracketed as a duplication of 94-95, and 
accordingly 112-113 are inserted before 94-95, where 113 
corresponds excellently with 93; 116-117 are bracketed as 
another form of 67-68 (cf. 248), and accordingly 118 finds its 


proper place after 68. Cf. “Repetitions in Empedokles,” 
Classical Review, Jan. 1898. 


EMPEDOKLES lit 


each other, and they increase each in its allotted turn. 
But these (elements) are the same; and penetrating 
through each other they become one thing in one place 
and another in another, while ever they remain alike 
(i.e. the same). 


110. For they two (Love and Strife) were before and 
shall be, nor yet, I think, will there ever be an unutterably 
long time without them both. 


96. But come, gaze on the things that bear farther 
witness to my former words, if in what was said before 
there be anything defective in form. Behold the sun, 
warm and bright on all sides, and whatever is immortal 
and is bathed in its bright ray, and behold the rain- 
cloud, dark and cold on all sides; from the earth there 
proceed the foundations of things and solid bodies. In 
Strife all things are, endued with form and separate } 
from each other, but they come together in Love and 
are desired by each other. 104. For from these (ele- 
ments) come all things that are or have been or shall be ; 
from these there grew up trees and men and women, 
wild beasts and birds and water-nourished fishes, and 
the very gods, long-lived, highest in honour. 


121. And as when painters are preparing elaborate 
votive offerings—men well taught by wisdom in their 





114 [aira yap torw tadra, 8 addHrwv 53 Ofovra 140 
115 yivovt’ dvOpwroi Te Kal dddwv FOvea Knpar, 
diddore wav PidrsryT1 cuvepyoper’ eis Eva Koo por, 
ddrote & ad Siy’ Exacta dopetpeva Neixeos 
ey Oe, 


eis 6 kev Sv cupghovta To Trav brévepOe yévnrar. | 


_ 
“I 
bo 


THE FiRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


of 7 éel obv’ pdpyoot TorAvypoa Pdpzeaka 
xepaly, 
dppovin wlEavte Ta pav TAE, Gra 8’ Eagow, 

123 2x Tov eiSea Tacw adlyKLa TOpavvoUcL* 

127 ote pu o° dardtn dpéva xawitw adrobev sivar 162 
Ovntav, deca ye Sida yeyaow adoreta, THYNDY. 
GMAa Topas Ttad7’ ich Oeod mapa pibov 

axovoas."... 

1380 ef & dye, viv Tor éym AZEw TPO’ HALov apyny, 

2& av On éyévovTo Ta viv éoopwmeva TavTa, 
yaia Te Kal TovTOS TOAUKUpOY 70’ LYpos a7p 
Tirav 78 aidiyp odpiyyov mepl KvKdov Gravta. 185 


[odaipov env. | 64 
185 20’ ovr’ jeriowo SedioxeTat ayNadv Eidos 72 

ovdz wav od ains Adotov pévos 0d? Odracca: 

OUTS Apmovins TUKWO@ KUTEL eoTNPLKTAL 59 


odaipos KuKAOTEp?)s movin TEpinye yaiwv. 





119-129. Simpl. Phys. 34 r 160, 1. 
120. DEF tuow: F Sdedawres. 122. MSS. apuovin: D ultavtes, a 
pétay te, 123. al mao’ évarlyxia. 124, D xri(ovres... dvépes. 
127. F obtw why amdrn; a as vd nev: Bergk opévas: kawitw 
(Hesych. vixdrw) corr. Blass for MSS. nai vi te, 128. MSS. 
yeydaow t&omera, corr. Bergk. 
130-133. Clem. Al. Strom. 674. 


130. €i 8 &ye ror Ackw, Pott. ei 8 Bye Tor wev eye. 131. Gomperz, 
Hermes xxxi, 469 écopduev Grayra. 


134. Simpl. Phys. 258r kal Ody ewovoudcer Kat obderépws more Kader 
cpaipoy env. Of. v. 138. 

135-138. Simpl. Phys, 272 v. 135-136. Plut. de fac. in lun. 9268, 
138. Simpl. de caelo, Peyr. 47; M. Antonin. xii. 3; Stob. Hcl. Phys. i. 
15, 354; Achilles (Tatius) tn Anat. 77 Pet. and frag. Schol. P- 96; Prokl. 
in Tim. 160. 

135. Simpl. d:efSerat dkéa yvia, Plut. S8/rrera:, corr. Karst. 
136. Plut. MS. yévos, Bergk pévos. 137. MS. xpvd@ or xptoa, 
Karst. xpipg, Stein «trex, 1838. Simpl. Phys. uovrh meprynbér 


aidy, Text from Simpl. de caelo. Stob. Tatius xalpwy. Schol. 
in Arat. kvkAorepe? pavia. y 


EMPEDOKLES 178 
art—they take many-coloured pigments to work with, 
and blend together harmoniously more of one and less 
of another till they produce likenesses of all things; so 
let not error overcome thy mind to make thee think there 
is any other source of mortal things that have likewise 
come into distinct existence in unspeakable numbers ; 
but know these (elements), for thou didst hear from 


a god the account of them. 


130. But come, I will tell thee now the first principle 
of the sun, even the sources of all things now visible, 
earth and billowy sea and damp mist and Titan aether 


(i.e. air) binding all things in its embrace. 


135. Then neither is the bright orb of the sun 
greeted, nor yet either the shaggy might of earth or sea; 
thus, then, in the firm vessel of harmony is fixed God, 


a sphere, round, rejoicing in complete solitude. 





[SévSpea te xriSovte Kal avépas Hz yuvaixas 
125 Ofpas 7’ oiwvovs Te Kal VdaToOpéupovas ixOds 160 


kai te Ozovs Sodvyaiwvas Tinos hepicrovs. | 


174 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


abrap érrel wéya Neixos évi pedéecow 26pepOn 66 
140 és ryds 7 dvdpovce TedELopévoto YpovoLo, 
8s ow aporBaios TraTéos TapedyjraTaL GpKov. 


mavra yap éEeins werenilero yvia Geoio. 70 
xwpis yap Bapd wav, xwpis Kod¢gov. 71 
doropyor Kal axpnrot. 
145 ocwpevopevoy péyebos. 
elmep atreipova ys Te BaOn Kai Saryridos aiOyjp, 199 
ws 1a ToAA@Y 87 Bpotéwy pnOévTa pataiws 
éxxéyvtat orouatav, ddiyov Tov mavTos iddv- 
TOV. . + « : 
Hruos EvBerHs HS ad ikdeipa cerHVN. . « 168 
150 add 6 pév ddicGels péyav odpavov duditrorever. 187 
avtavyeiv mpos "OdXvprov atapBytowwe mpoc- 
@TOLS. 188 





139-141. Arist. Meta. ii. 4; 1000b13; Simpl. Phys. 272 b. 
139. Arist. GAA’ dre 5h, Simpl. abtap eel. 141. Simpl. 6: Arist. 
E mapeAfaAaro. 
142. Simpl. Phys. 272 v. associated with v. 135. 
143-144. Plut. de fac. lun. 926 F. 
143. Sturz ends the line %nxev with object Neikos. 144. MSS. 
&xparo: kal &oropyot, corr. Stein. 


145. Arist. Gen. et Corr. i. 8; 325 b 22. 
146-148. Arist.de X.Z7.G. 2; 976435; decoeloii. 113 ; 294a 25; and 
Simpl. on this passage. 147-148. Clem. Al. Strom. 817. 


147. Arist. X.Z7.G. Bporéwy, de coelo, Clem. yAéoons: Clem. 
€rAOdvra. 148. Clem. eidérwy. 


149. Plut. de fac. lun. 920 c. 

MS. dfvmeAhs, Xylander dtuBeAhs : MS. H5é Adwa, corr. G. Dindorf. 

Cf. Hesych. iadeipa; Preller Adi’ #58. 
150. Macrob. Saturn. i.17; Eiym. Mag., Orion Etym., Suidas, under 
HAws; Cramer, Anec. ii. 444. 

Macrob. oivex’ dvadioGels, Suid. Cram. arcioba; Et. M. uécov. 
151. Plut. Pyth. or. 4008; Galen, de us. part. iii. 3. 

Plat. avravyeiv, Galen aytavyéw, © 


EMPEDOKLES ~~ —___,, 175 


139. But when mighty Strife was nurtured in its 
members and leaped up to honour at the completion of 
the time, which has been driven on by them both in turn 
under a mighty oath..... 


142. For the limbs of the god were made to tremble, 


. all of them in turn. 


148. For all the heavy (he put) by itself, the light 
by itself. 


144. Without affection and not mixed together. 
145. Heaped together in greatness. 


146. If there were no limit to the depths of the earth 
and the abundant air, as is poured out in foolish words 
from the mouths of many mortals who see but little of 
the all. 


149. Swift-darting sun and kindly moon. 


150. But gathered together it advances around the 


great heavens. 


151. It shines back to Olympos with untroubled 


face. 


176 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


9 53 NOE iNdetpa puvvOadins Tbyev avdyijs. 193 
ds avy} TUaca cednvains KUKNOV EvpUP. . 192 
kukdoTEpes Trepl yalay EdicceTat addOTpLOV dos 190 
155 dppyatos daorep av’ ixvos 189 
GOpet wiv yap dvaxtos évavtiov ayéa KUKAOV. 191 


éreokddacey 5 of adyas 
/ 
eis alOpny KabvrepOev, éreckxvidace Oz yains 195 
TOoGoY Ocov 7’ Evpos yAaUKwTLOOS ETNETO LHVNS. 


160 viera 53 yaia TiOnow idictapévn hagecow. 197 
vuktos épnuains adawr bos. 198 
moAna 8 EvepO’ Edzos Tupa KaieTal. 207 





152. Simpl. Phys. 74.v; 331, 7. 
aDF Wixe, H tixe: MSS. yalns, Stein adyijs. 
153. Plut. de fac. lun. 929 5. 
153a. Diels, Hermes xv. 175, constructs the following line from 
Philo ed. Aucher, p. 92: 
kal uéyav, adtix’ aviAde, Ogova’ as obpaydy tka. 
154. Achill. Tat. Introd. in Arat.c. 16 p.77 Pet. 155. Plut. de fac. 
orb. lun. 925. 
155. Plut. (cedjvn) mepupepouevn mAhowwv, Gpuatos dowep txvos 
averlooerat re wep) &kpay. 
156. Bekk. Anecd. i. 337. 
157-159. Plut. de fac. lun. 929. 
157. MS. ameckevace, Xyl. dweonédacey, Bergk dmecktacev. 
158. MS. fore yala, Xyl. és yaiay: Stein icrauévy or eis atdpny: 
MS. Gmreckvipwoe, corr. Karst. 159. yAavedmidos, cf. Plut. de 
fac. lun. 934 pv (Diels, Hermes xv. 176). 
160. Plut. Quaest. Plat. 1006 ¥. 
161. Plut. Quaest. conv. 7208. 


MS. a@yAaémdos, corr. Xyl. Cf. Hesych. dAad@my: .. . ob BAé- 
mouvcay, 


162. Prokl. on Tim. iii. 141. 
MS. obdeos, Sturz writes #5e0s from following. Diels finds con- 
nection only with preceding and writes eos. Cf. Hesych. 


eSos* . . . yh. 


EMPEDOKLES 177 


152. The kindly light has a brief period of shining. 


153. As sunlight striking the broad circle of the 


moon. 


154. A borrowed light, circular in form, it revolves 


about the earth, as if following the track of a chariot. 


156. For she beholds opposite to her the sacred circle 


of her lord. 


157. And she scatters his rays into the sky above, 
and spreads darkness over as much of the earth as the 


breadth of the gleaming-eyed moon. 


160. And night the earth makes by coming in front 


of the lights. 
161. Of night, solitary, blind-eyed. 


162. And many fires burn beneath the earth. 
N 


178 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


, e+ 
pvrov dpovoov ayovca TohvoTEpewY Kapacr- 


vov. 205 
ars érdyn pirjow éwopévos Hediovo 206 
165 ys iSpata Oddaccav. 


<dAn’> aidyp paxphor Kata xOova Svero pifais. 203 
cttw yap ovvéxupoe Oéwy TOTeE, ToAKKL S 
anos. 


KapTanipws avorratov. 202 


avtap éyo manrivopoos éhevoopuat és ropov buvwv, 165 
170 tov mpdtepov Katéde~a, NOyou Aoyov eEoxeTEvov 
/ \ a \ > eer if / 
xetvou’ émet Netxos pév évéptatov ixeto BévOos 
Sivns, év d& péon Dirorns otpopdryyt yévntat, 
év th 8) Tade TaVTA cuvépyETat ev povoY Eivat, 
ove adap, adda Oedynua ouvioctdpev’ addoOev 
ana. 170 
175 trav 83 cvvepyopévwn er’ Exyatov ictato Neévxos. 





163. Plut. Quaes. conv. 685 F. 
Karst. roAvomopéwy. Cf. 214. 


164. Hephaest. Hnchir. c. 1 p. 4 Gais. 

165. Arist. Meteor. ii. 3; 357 a 26; Plut. Placit. phil. iii. 18, and de 
Is. 3658. Clem. Al. Strom. 676. Porphyr. Vit. Pyth. c. 41. 

166-167. Arist. de Gen. et Corr. ii. 6; 334a3. 167. Phys. ii. 43.196 
a 22. 


166. Diels suggests fimais. Cf. v. 164. 


168. Eustath. on Od. a 320, p. 1 (from Herodian, wep) oxnu. ‘Ounp.). 
Cf. Arist. de gen. et corr. ii. 6; 334 a1. 

169-185. Simpl. de caelo, Peyron p. 27; Gais. Poet. Min. Gr. ii. p. xlii; 
Schol. Aristot. Brand. p. 507 a. 171-185. Simpl. Phys. 7 v 32, 11. 
175. Stob. Hcl. i. 286. Cf. Arist. Met. ii.4;1000b2. 178-181. Simpl. de 
caelo, Peyr. p. 37. 182-183. Theophr. Athen. x. 423; Arist. Poet. c. 25; 
1461 a 24. Hust. ad Iliad. i. p. 746, 57. 

170. MS. Ady, corr. Bergk. Peyr. droxeretwy, Brand. émrox., COrY. 
Bergk. 173. Simpl. Phys. év rH 5h, de caelo Cd. Taur. Peyr. ev 
i 75, corr. Bergk. 174. Phys. DE OcAnpad, F 6éAnua, de caelo JP 
Cd. Taur. add’ eéAnua. 175. Simpl. repeats 184 instead of 175, 


EMPEDOKLES 179 


163. (The sea) with its stupid race of fertile fishes. 


164. Salt is made solid when struck by the rays of 


the sun. 


165. The sea is the sweat of the earth. 


166. But air! sinks down beneath the earth with its 
long roots . . . . For thus it happened to be running at 


that time, but oftentimes otherwise. 
168. (Fire darting) swiftly upwards. 


169. But now I shall go back over the course of my 
verses, which I set out in order before, drawing my 
present discourse from that discourse. When Strife 
reached the lowest depth of the eddy and Love comes to 
be in the midst of the whirl, then all these things come 
together at this point so as to be one alone, yet not 
immediately, but joining together at their pleasure, one 
from one place, another from another. And as they 
were joining together Strife departed to the utmost 


boundary. But many things remained unmixed, alier- 


1 In Empedokles’ verses, ai@yp regularly means air. 
N 2 


180 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


ToAnd 8 dmx’ EotnKe Kepacopévorouy évarnd€é, 

Boo’ éruNeixos Epuxe peTdparov * ob yap apéupews 

aa wav eéotnnev ex’ toyata Tépuata KUKNOV. 

GANA Ta pay 7 Evéuysve peréwv, Ta Oé 7 eEePe- 
ByxKet. 


180 dccov 8 aly irexmpobéo, Técov aisv ernec 


” e / 
Arvidpov Dirstntos ausudéos auBpotos opp" 
alva 83 Oujr’ épdovto Ta Tpiv padov aBavar’ 
Elvat,. 
Copa Te Ta mplv dxpnta, varrda€avra KevevOous. 
tov bé Te pioyouévy yeit’ Z0vea pupia Ovntar, 
| <4 / 6. # > / al fal 6 / G 
5 wavroins idénow apnpota, Gatpa ioecbau. 
dpOpia piv yap gavTa éavTov TavTa pepecow 
HrAgTop TE YIav T: Kal odpavos 702 Oadacca, 
boca bin év Ouyroicw aroTAayyOévta TepuKer. 
et oy oe ¢ a 5) / a 3 
as & avtTws Oca Kpacuv érapTea adXov Elval, 


190 Grd jroLs éorépKTat OporwbEvT’ ’Agpoditn. 


éyOpa 68 wretotov am’ addjrwv OiéXovat madoTA 
yevva Te Kpdoe TE Kal Eldscow ExpaKToicN, 
mavtTn cuyyiyverOar anbea Kal para AvYpa 

‘n ovyyiy Oca Kal mara NuYypa 


175 


180 


326 


330 





which is inserted from Stob. by Schneid. 176. Phys. E éore: 
DEF xexepacpévoiow, Taur. repar(ouevorow, text from de caelo. 
177. de caelo &upapéws. 178. Phys. ak rw wav, DE otnw ray, 
de caelo 7) wav. 180. aF brexmpobée:. 181. Phys. DE wippwyr, 
F 4 replppwr, DEF (de caelo P) piddérnros, Phys. ameupéos, de 
caelo dupéooor, Stein piddrns re kal uwecev, 182. Arist. omits 


elvat. 183. Phys. txpira, Theophr. &kpnra: Arist. (aa Te 
kéxpito Athen. d:aAAdrrovra, Phys. diadAakavra. 


mply 


186-194. Simpl. Phys. 34 r 160,28. 191-192. Theophr. de sens. § 16. 
186. DE tpQui, aF tpria: DE éavta éavrdv, aF abra éavray, 
Stein suggests mdv@’ aitay eyévovro, Diels @aow €avrav. 


188. MS. 8s0a gy, Diels baa 


oir’, Hermann éecdxis. 


189. MSS. émwdpwea, Karst. émdprea. ak’ &xOpa, ED épya: 
MS. pddsora, Karst. duixra, 192. DEF xpioe, a updoe 
193. DE 8 bypa, a Avyps. 194. MSS. and Simpl. 161, 12 
veeoyevveornow, Panz. velkeos evvecinat, MS. color yévvav 


opya (a yévvas), Panz. opiot yévr’ &ercpyos, Diels Eopyev. 


EMPEDOKLES 181 


nating with those that were mixed, even as many as 
Strife, remaining aloft, still retained; for not yet 
had it entirely departed to the utmost boundaries of 
the circle, but some of its members were remaining 
within, and others had gone outside. 180. But, just as 
far as it is constantly rushing forth, just so far 
there ever kept coming in a gentle immortal stream 
of perfect Love; and all at once what before I learned 
were immortal were coming into being as mortal things,' 
what before were unmixed as mixed, changing their 
courses. And as they (the elements) were mingled to- 
gether there flowed forth the myriad species of mortal 
things, patterned in every sort of form, a wonder to 
behold. 


186. For all things are united, themselves with parts 
of themselves—the beaming sun and earth and sky and 
sea—whatever things are friendly but have separated in 
mortal things. And so, in the same way, whatever 
things are the more adapted for mixing, these are loved 
by each other and made alike by Aphrodite. But what- 
ever things are hostile are separated as far as possible 
from each other, both in their origin and in their mixing 
and in the forms impressed on them, absolutely unwonted 
to unite and very baneful, at the suggestion of Strife, 
since it has wrought their birth. 


1 @ynrd, ‘perishable things’ in contrast with the elements, might 
almost be rendered ‘ things on the earth.’ 


182 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


/ f 4 
Neixeos évvecinos, bre ofiot yevvav bopyii. 
195 rHde wav ody LoTnTE rx meppovynkev aTravTa... 312 
cad Kal? Soov wey apavotata Evvexupoe TEcOVTa. 


[bare pev yap BSwp,| wupi & avferar [@yvrycor | 


mop 270 
ave. 88 xOdav piv odérepov déuas, aifépa 

& aiPip. 
4 88 xOcv earinpos év ebatépvors Yoavorse 211 


200 rw S00 THY dKTw pEepgwv AdyEe Njoridos aiydns. 
récoapa 8 ‘Halcrow: ta 8 dotéa Reve’ 
éyévovTo 
‘Appovins KOAAnCLY apnpota Oearredinbev. 


4 83 YOa@v TovToLcw lon cuvéxupos padioTa 215 
‘Hdaicto 1 "OuBpo re kai AiOépe Tap- 
pavowyTt, 
205 Kurpid0os oputobeioa Terelous év Apeverouy, 
vo 


> Vg / ” La > / 
eit’ Odbyov peiCwy elite TAEOVETTWW ELaTCOV. 
> a ’ , saree ” f 
&k TOV alwa TE yévTO Kal AdANS Eldea GapKos. 


adgurov bdati KoAN}oaS. . « 208 
oxedvvnv Pirornta. 





195-196. Simpl. Phys. 74 v 331, 12. 
195. aF' omit ody, 
197-198. Arist. de gen. et corr. ii. 6; 333 b 1. 
197. Arist. rupt yap atte: 7d wip, corr. Karst. 198. yévos H, déuas, 
199-202. Simpl. Phys. 66 v 300, 21. 199-201. Arist. de anima i. 5; 
410 a 4; and commentators on this passage. 
199. Simpl. aHF’ edrixros, D and Arist. eborépvois. 200. al’ 74, 
DE tas, Diels ro: aF’ wepewv, DE woipdwv. 
203-207. Simpl. Phys. 7 v 32,6. 203. 74 v, 331, 5. 


205. aDE dbpuncdeioa, F' dpuicdeioa. 206. MG. rddov eoriv, corr. 
Panz. 207. al’ aluar’ eyévovro, D aliua réyevto, El aiuar’ 
eyevro, 

208. Arist. Meteor. iv. 4; 382 a1; Probl. 21, 22; 929 b 16; cf. Plut. 
de prim. frig. 952 B, 
209. Plut. de prim. frig. 952 8, 


EMPEDOKLES 183 


195. In this way, by the good favour of Tyche, all 
things have power of thought. 


196. And in so far as what was least dense came 


together as they fell. 


197. For water is increased by water, primeval fire 
by fire, and earth causes its own substance to increase, 


and air, air. 


199. And the kindly earth in its broad hollows 
received two out of the eight parts of bright Nestis, 
and four of MHephaistos, and they became white 
bones, fitted together marvellously by the glues of 


Harmony. 


208. And the earth met with these in almost equal 
amounts, with Hephaistos and Ombros and bright- 
shining Aether (i.e. air), being anchored in the perfect 
harbours of Kypris; either a little more earth, or a 
little less with more of the others. From these arose 


blood and various kinds of flesh. 
208. . . . glueing barley-meal together with water. 


209. (Water) tenacious Love. 


184 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


* 


TIEPI ®TSENS AETTEPO® 
210 Bi dé ri cou wept ravde MemrdEvAos Exreto Triotis, 136 


mas datos yalns Te Kal aidgpos nediov TE 

xipvapévov xpovat 7’ sidn Te yevolaTo Oyntav 

701’, doa vov yeydact cvvappoobévr’ "Agpodirty. . 

mas Kat dévdpea paxpa Kal eivddro1 Kapachves.. 248 

215 &s 83 tore yOova Kumpis, eel 7° edinvev év 
bu8po 207 


aidép’ érurveiovoea Oo rupt Saxe xpativat. 


tov & ba’ fom psy Tuva, Ta 8 ExTos pava 
TENN YE, 230 
Kumpsd0s év wadduns wrAGONs ToLRoSe TUYOVTA. 


otra & goroxet paxpa devopea mp@tov éraias. 245 
220 obvexev dwiyovol te cidat Kal bTépproa pra 246 


> \ 
olvos urd drow TédeTar catrév év EiAw Ddwp. 247 





210-213. Simpl. de caelo, Peyr. p. 28; Gaisf. Poet. Min. Gr. II. xliii. 
Brand. Schol. Arist. 507 a. 


» 


210. A ei 8 &@ co, B eidér: cot, Taur. ef 5€ t101, 212. MS. €%8n 
Te yevolaro xpoidore, corr. Ritschl. 
214. Athen. viii. 334 3. 
215-218. Simpl. de caelo a little after 218. 218. Simpl. Phys. 74 v 
331, 9. 
215. MS. as 5¢ . . . &rerr’, corr. Karst.: A eSinver ev, B edelavuer 
év, Taur. eSelxvuey. 216. A 4 5é dromvéouca, B ei 5t dromvolovea, 
Taur. h 8& dGmomvetovoa, Panz. #30 8 émmvelovca, corr. 
Stein. 217. Phys. H wAdons, a wAdotos, text from de caelo. 
219. Arist. de gen. anim. i. 23; 781.5; ef. Philop. on this passage 
and Theophr. de caus. plant. i. 7, 1. 
Philop. and Arist. . . . wimpa... édalas. 


220. Plut. Quaest. conv. 683 v. 
221. Plut. Quaest. nat. 912 0c, 919D; ef. Arist. Top. iv. 5; 2 a 18, 
MS. amd pAoiwd, corr. Meziriacus. 


EMPEDOKLES 185 


Book II. 


210. And if your faith be at all lacking in regard to 
these (elements), how from water and earth and air and 
sun (fire) when they are mixed, arose such colours and 
forms of mortal things, as many as now have arisen under 
the uniting power of Aphrodite. ... 


214. How both tall trees and fishes of the sea (arose). 


215. And thusthen Kypris, when she had moistened 
the earth with water, breathed air on it and gave it to 
swift fire to be hardened. 


217. And all these things which were within were 
made dense, while those without were made rare, 
meeting with such moisture in the hands of Kypris. 


219. And thus tall trees bear fruit (lit. eggs), first 
of all olives. 


220. Wherefore late-born pomegranates and luxu- 
riant apples ... 


221. Wine is water that has fermented in the wood 
beneath the bark. 


186 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


elyap xévog' adwicw brs wpaTidecow éEpsicas 
evpevéws xabaphoww éromtevons pEdeTyOLW, 
radta Té cot para Tavta 8: ai@vos TapEecorTat, 
925 ddXa Te TOAN’ Grd TOVde KEKTHTEAL* aUTA yap 
avec 
tabr eis i00s Exactov, dn duets éotiv Exact. 
ei 52 ot of GdXoiwy eropéEcat ola Kat’ avdpas 
pupia Seika wrédovta, Ta T GuBAdvvoveL pepip- 
vas, 
tov adap éxreirover TepiTAOpevoto ypovoto 
230 ocdav aitav robzovta didny eri yévvar ixec Oar: t 
mavta yap ich dpovnow eye Kat vopatos 
aicav. 


(xapts) otuyéer SvoTANTOY ’Avayrnv. 69 
ToUTO pev év Koyyatct Garaccovopois Bapvye- 
ToUs 220 


KaXYO@V KnpvKwY TE ALOoppivwy yedUor TE. . 


235 0" Ovvn yOova ypwros bréptata vateTdovear. 





222-231. Hippolyt. Ref. haer. 251 Mill; Schneidewin, Philol. vi. 
p. 165. 

222. MS. nal ty, corr. Mill. MS. opaSivnow . . . corr. Schneid. 
223. MS. érowreveis, corr. Schneid. 224. MS. ravra 6é, corr. 
Schneid. 225. MS. xr... Schneid. xarepyduer’, corr. Stein. 
227. MS. rdaa’ olay émipéte:s, corr. Schneid. 228. MS. 57Aa 
mwéhovrat . . . wéptuvat, Schneid. defA’ &wdAauva . . . pepluvas. 
229. MS. ojjs, Schneid. io’. 231. Cf. Sext. E. Math. viii. 286. 
MS. of Hippol. kal ywwuarociwov. 

232. Plut. Quaest. conv. 745 p. 
233-235. Plut. Quaest. conv. 6188. 234-235, de fac. lun. 927 F. 

234. Quaest. conv. nal why, de fac. lun. nai rhy, Stein uwawar, Diels 
kaAx@v, comparing Nicander, Alexipharm. 393 and Schol. 
Schneid. p. 98 for the interpretation of a fish furnishing a 
dye. Also Arist. Hist. anim. viii. 13; 599210 woppipa Kat 
«hpuxes. ; 


EMPEDOKLES 187 

222. For if thou shalt fix them in all thy close-knit 
mind and watch over them graciously with pure attention, 
all these things shall surely be thine for ever, and 
many others shalt thou possess from them. For these 
themselves shall cause each to grow into its own cha- 
racter, whatever is the nature! of each. But if thou 
shalt reach out for things of another sort, as is the 
manner of men, there exist countless evils to blunt 
your studious thoughts; fsoon these latter shall 
cease to live as time goes on, desiring as they do to 
arrive at the longed-for generation of themselves.f For 
know that all things have understanding and their 


share of intelligence. 
232. Favor hates Necessity, hard to endure. 


233. This is in the heavy-backed shells found in the 
sea, of limpets and purple-fish and stone-covered tortoises 
.... there shalt thou see earth lying uppermost on 


the surface. 


! tots here seems to mean ‘ nature,’ and not ‘ origin.’ 


188 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 
TAUTA TpLYES Kai dvAXa Kal olwvdv wrEepa TuKva 223 
kal provides yiyvovtas ert otiBapoios pédecow. 
avTap éyivo.s 225 
6€uBereis yalrar vwro.s érureppixacw. 
240 2& dv dupar’ zrnkev arepéa 87 “Agpodirn. 
youdous aoxnoaca KataoTopyos ’“Adpoditn. 228 
Kumpio0os év rardpyow ote Ely rpar’ epvovto. 229 
ToAvaiwatov HTrap. 
% ToAAal pév Kopoar avavyeves ZBAXaoTHTaV, 232 
245 yupvol & érrdfovto Bpayloves eivides @por, 
Oupata & of érNavato TevnTEvovTAa METOTTOD. 
TodTo pep év Bpotéwy peréwv apidelkeTov yx@. 335 
adore pev PirorynTe cvvepyouer’ eis bv Aravta 
yuia Ta TOpa NEdoyyxe Biov PareOovow ev dkny’ 


250 adrote 8 adte xaxjot SiatpnOévT epidecoe 
Trdkerar avouy’ Exacta Tapa pyypive Biowo. 





236-237. Arist. Meteor. iv. 9 387 b 4. 
237. MS. Aemides, corr. Karst. from a gloss of Hesych. 
238-239. Plut. de fort. 98 p. 
238. MS. éxivos, corr. Steph. 239. MS. dtuBeAhs 5é re, text follows 
Cd. Vule. 
240-242. Simpl. de caelo, Peyr. 28; Gaisford xliii. Brand. Schol. 512a. 
The three lines are cited separately. 
242. A tuumpér’, B tvumpérais, corr. Karst. 
243. Plut. Quwaest. conv. 683 E. 
244-246. Simpl. de caelo, Peyr. 46; Gaisf. xliv. Schol. Brand. 512 a. 


244. Ar. de anim. iii.6; 430029; degen. an.i. 18; 722 b 20, and com- 
mentators. 


244. MS. #, #, as. 245. moda), TOAAGY e€umAdCovTo. 
247-253. Simpl. Phys. 258 r. 
247. MS. rotroy piv dv ... dyxov, Vulg. omits &v, text from 


Diels. 249. MS. @aA@ovros, corr. Karst. 253. Ald. dpemedé- 
eco, corr. Schneider (cf. 438). 


EMPEDOKLES 189 


236. Hair and leaves and thick feathers of birds are 
the same thing in origin, and reptiles’ scales, too, on 
strong limbs. 


238. But on hedgehogs, sharp-pointed hair bristles 
on their backs. 


240. Out of which divine Aphrodite wrought eyes 


untiring. 


241. Aphrodite fashioning them curiously with bonds 
of love. 


242. When they first grew together in the hands of 
Aphrodite. 


243. The liver well supplied with blood. 


244. Where many heads grew up without necks, and 
arms were wandering about naked, bereft of shoulders, 
and eyes roamed about alone with no foreheads. 


247. This is indeed remarkable in the mass of 
human members; at one time all the limbs which form 
the body, united into one by Love, grow vigorously in the 
prime of life; but yet at another time, separated by evil 
Strife, they wander each in different directions along’ 
the breakers of the sea of life. Just so it is with 


190 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


c s 
os § abtws Odpvoicr kat ixOvow b6poperaOpors 
eee. ae 4 PANS , , 
Onpol 7’ dpeirexdecow is mTEpoBaporce KUp- 
Bats. 
avrap érrel KaTa peor é eularyero Saipove Salwon, 
255 radrad te cuumlateckov On cuvéexupoev Exacta, 
ddXa Te Tpos ToLs movnra Sinvexh e&eyevovTo. 


Tovrea pv auditpocwma Kal audiotepy’ epv- 
ovTo, 
Bovyevi avdporpwpa, Ta 8 Eurradu efaverehrov 
avopodun Bovxpava, pepiypéva 7TH pev aT” av- 
dpav, 
260 7H 82 yuvatxopun, otelpors noKnpéva yviols. 


eiimrod’ axpiToxelpa. 

vov & dy, Orws avdpav te ToAvKAAUTMY TE 
yuvarK@v 

éupuxtous Sprrnkas aviyaye Kplvomevov TUP, 

TOVOE KAV’* Ov yap LOGOS atrocKoOTOS OVO ada7)- 
pov. 

265 ovrodueis wév mpaTa TUTroL moors SSapETeN NOD, 
anpoTipwr bdatos te kal eldeos aicav EXovTes, 
Tovs ev TOP avérreuTre OéXov Tpos opmotoy ike- 

c0at, 


340 


235 


239 


242 


248 





254-256. Simpl. de caelo following 246 after a break. 
254. B Taur. omit daluovr. 256. B Taur. ékeyévero. 


257-260. Aelian, hist. anim. xvi. 29. Cf. Plut. Colot. 1123 x. 


257. MS. gteoc@u, Karst. epdovro. 258. MS. avdpémpwva . . . 
étavaretvewy, corr. Gronovius. 259. MS. sm’, corr. Jacobs. 


260. MS. oxtepois, corr. Diels. 
261. Plut. Colot. 1123 s. 
MS. ¢iAiroda xpiréxeipa, corr. Karst. and Duebner. 
262-269. Simpl. Phys. 86 vy 381, 31, 


263. MS. évyvxtous, corr. Panz. cf. ‘Odyssey A 344 awd crorod, 
which perhaps should be restored here. 266. MS. efdeos, Stz. 
ovdeos, but cf. Simpl. 382,7. 269. E cia 7’, F ott’, a ot" ai, 


Diels oféy 7’: EF yiwyv, a yipuy, corr. Stein. 


EMPEDOKLES 191 


plants’ and with fishes dwelling in watery halls, and 
beasts whose lair is in the mountains, and birds borne 


on wings. 


254. But as divinity was mingled yet more with 
divinity, these things kept coming together in whatever 
way each might chance, and many others also in addi- 


tion to these continually came into being. 


257. Many creatures arose with double faces and 
double breasts, offspring of oxen with human faces, and 
again there sprang up children of men with oxen’s heads; 
creatures, too, in which were mixed some parts from men 
and some of the nature of women, furnished with sterile 


members. 


261. Cattle of trailing gait, with undivided hoofs. 


262 But come now, hear of these things; how fire 
separating caused the hidden offspring of men and 
weeping women to arise, for it is no tale apart from 
our subject, or witless. In the first place there sprang 
up out of the earth forms grown into one whole,” having 
a share of both, of water and of fire. These in truth fire 


caused to grow up, desiring to reach its like; but they 


1 @duvos, ‘ bush,’ I have rendered regularly ‘ plant.’ 
2 Cf. Aet. vy. 19; Dox. 430. 


192 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


obre Tl Tw pedéav épaTov Séuas éudaivovtas, 
ot’ évorrhy olov 7 éruvydpiov avipdot yviov. 255 

270 drAra Siéorractat pedéov hiors* 1) pev év avdpos 257 
% SF yuvarkos ev. . . 

7@ & eri Kal 7O00s HAGE Ov drptos appryOevTs. 256 
év 8 2yt0n xaBapoicr* Ta péev TENOovoryuvaixes 259 
uyeos avTidcayTa. 

275 Aysdvas cyiotovs ’Adpoditns. 261 
év yap Oeppotépw ToKas appevos ErdeTo yaoTHp, 262 
kal pédaves dia TodTO Kal ivwdécTEpoe avOpes 
Kal AaxyVIiEvTEs MANDoOv. 
as & br Orbs yada AevKov éyoudacer Kal Zynoe. 265 

280 pnvos év dySodtov Sexatn Tov ErNETO NevKoV. 266 
yvovs Tt TadvTwv eiciv aTroppoal baa’ éyévovto. 267 
Qs yAved pay yAvKd paprte, TWiKpov 5° él 

miKpov Spoucev, 268 
o&d & én’ o€0 EBn, Sadepov Sadepe@ éerroyevev. 





270. Arist. de gen. anim. i. 18; 722b12; ibid. i.1; 764b17; and 
270-271 in Philop. on this passage. 
270. Z omits év. 271. Stein transposes last two words. 


272. Plut. Quaest. nat. 917 c. 
MS. 7@ 5€ te... . efre Bid mepews duuloywy. Karst, 7g 3° én 
.. . 88 bWeos ay7’ aloowy, Stein dupix deve. 
273-274. Arist. de gen. anim. iv. 1; 723 a 24 after 271. 
S eavén. 
275. Schol. Eur. Phoen. p. 600 Valck. Stein transposes first two 
words. 
276-278. Galen in Hippokr. Hpidem. iv. 2. 
276. MS. 7d Kar’ %ppeva ewAero yalns. Text from Diels. 
279. Plut.de amic. mult. 95a; ef. Arist. de gen. anim. iv.4; 771 b 23. 
280. Arist. de gen. anim. iv. 8; 777 a 10 ; and Philop. on this passage., 
281. Plut. Quaest. Nat. 916 v. 
282-283. Plut. Quaest. Conv. 663 a. 


282. MS. mév ew) yAvkd, corr. Macrob. 283. MS. omits %8n and 
ends dadepod AaBerw, corr. Karst. 


EMPEDOKLES 193 


showed as yet no lovely body formed out of the members, 
nor voice nor limb such as is natural to men. 


270. But the nature of the members (of the child ?) 
is divided, part in the man’s, part in the woman’s 
(body). 


271. But desire also came upon him, having been 
united with . . . by sight. 


273. It was poured out in the pure parts, and some 


meeting with cold became females. 
275. The separated harbours of Aphrodite. 


276. In its warmer parts the womb is productive of 
the male, and on this account men are dark and more 


muscular and more hairy. 
279. As when fig-juice curdles and binds white 
milk. 


280. On the tenth day of the eighth month came 
the white discharge. 


281. Knowing that there are exhalations from all 


things which came into existence. 


281. Thus sweet was. snatching sweet, and bitter 
darted to bitter, and sharp went to sharp, and hot 
coupled with hot. 


194 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


olve Sap parrov pv évdpOpsov, aitap édaip 
285 ov« 20éreu. 


Bboow 52 yravKh KoKKov Kataployetas (avOos) 


Ode 8 avatvel rdvta Kal éxrvet* Taot Aidatpor 
capa cvppuyyes TUpaToV KaTa cpa TéravTal, 
cal obw émt otoptors mixvars TérpyvtTar Grok 
290 pwav toxata TépOpa Siaprepés, date hovov mev 
xevOew, aidéps & edrropinv Siddover TeTuHjo Oat. 
ba 514 , fee} , % b of. / 
2vOev errev0’ orroray pev atral—n Tépev aia, 
Mr e / of is / 
ailnp wapralov kataiccetas oidpate wapyy, 
5 2? ! s 3 7 Emenee 2 ? 
ete 0 ava0pwoKn, Tadw éxTrvéer* WaTrEp OTAV 
Tais, 
295 Krewvdpnv traifovca Suretéos yadxoio, 
= X > n x ] > a \ lal 
evTE “ev avAOD TopOmov em’ everdet yEpi Oeioa 
eis Ddatos Barnet Tépev Séwas apyudpéoro, 
ov 767’ és dyryooS’ GuBpos écépyeTat, GAG pw 
elpryet 
aidgpos dyxos Zowbe Tecay érl TpNnuwaTa TUK, 
800 eis 6 drrocteydon TuKWoV poov* adTap ErELTa 
mvevpatos éAXeltrovTos écépyeTat aicipov Vdwp. 
as & aitwos 60 tdwp pév Eyes xdta BévOea 
YanKov 


272 


274 
275 


280 


285 


300 





284-285. Philop. on Arist. de gen. anim. 59 a. 

284. MS. Bdwp otvp MaAAov evaplOuiov. Text frm Stein. 
236. Plut. de def. orac. 433 B. 

MS. yAaueijs xpéxou, corr. Karst. and Xylander. 
287-311. Arist. de respir.7; 473b9. 

287. Mil dfamo, 289. MSS. émeroulos, ZMil émoroulass, 


corr. 


Stz. MSS. wvuxvais or wuxivois, Mil ddévaks. 290. Some MSS. 
7é0pa, Mil pédvov, others gaydy. 291. M péy vy’ evOcivar Oépet, 
pr Z etrvouy, 292. Several MSS. éwdin, éwaltn. 293. Bekker 
with majority of MSS. xaraBjoerat, 294. MSS. dvalpdoxei, 


corr. Karst. 295. Several MSS. caeWddpais, il wal(not, 


MZ 


malfovor, others mal(ovea, MZil dSumeréos, others 4: edmeréos. 
298. ilMZ 008’ br’, obdér’, Bk 038’ 8y’, Stein od ré7’. 299. MSS. 
dépos, corr. Stein. 301. MSS. avtmoy, a few others atomor. 


EMPEDOKLES y 195 


284. Water combines better with wine, but it is un- 
willing to combine with oil. 


286. The bloom of the scarlet dye mingles with 


shining linen. 


287. So all beings breathe in and out; all have 
bloodless tubes of flesh spread over the outside of the 
body, and at the openings of these the outer layers of 
skin are pierced all over with close-set ducts, so that the 
blood remains within, while a facile opening is cut for the 
air to pass through. Then whenever the soft blood 
speeds away from these, the air speeds bubbling in with 
impetuous wave, and whenever the blood leaps back the 
air is breathed out; as when a girl, playing with a 
klepsydra of shining brass, takes in her fair hand the 
narrow opening of the tube and dips it in the soft 
mass of silvery water, the water does not at once flow 
into the vessel, but the body of air within pressing 
on the close-set holes checks it till she uncovers the 
compressed stream; but then when the air gives way 
the determined amount of water enters. (802.) And so 
in the same way when the water occupies the depths 
of the bronze vessel, as long as the narrow opening 
and passage is blocked up by human flesh, the air 
outside striving eagerly to enter holds back the water 
inside behind the gates of the resounding tube, keeping 


control of its end, until she lets go with her hand. 
02 


196 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


mopO pov nacbiutos Bpotée xpol 70é Tropovo, 
aidhip & éxros Eow Nedunpevos duBpov & dpbet 
805 dpi mvnras icOpoio Svonxtos, aKxpa KpaTuvor, 
eis 6 xe yeupt weOH* Tore 8 ab waduy, Zumranwy 4) 
mpi, 

. ceatnros éumimrovtos TexOéer aictpov Bdenp. 295 
ds & avtws Tépev aiwa Kradaccdbpevov Sid yuieov 
Omméte piv Tadivopooy arraikee wvyoves, 

810 aiddpos edOds pedua xatépyetar oiduate Odor, 
edre 8 avabpdonn, Tadw éxtrvést icov OTiccw. 


Képpata Onpsiwv pedwv wuKTHpow Epevvar. 300 
Ode pay ody Tvoins Te NEAOYYaCL TavTAa Kai 
Oo Mov. 301 
315 odpKwwov ofov. 


as & Ore Tus mpdodov voewv @TA.accaTO NU YVOY 

xeyepinv dia vvKTA, TUpos céhas aiPopévoto 

tapas, Tavtol@y avépov NauTTpas awopyovs, 

CL9° 1D / ‘ lal na Dy 

or’ avépov pev treba SiacKkiovacw aévTor, 305 
820 hos & zw diabp@oxor, bcov TavawTeEpov ev, 

Ndpreckev KaTa Bnrov ateipéow axTiverow* 

&s 53 ror’ év pnvuyEw éepypévov wyvyov Tip 





Cf. Simpl. Phys. 151 v. 303. Many MSS. xpwoévtos. 
307. MSS. avtmov, Bk. avomov. 309. MSS. emattee, corr. 
Stein. 310. MZil aifépos, others Erepov, MZil ofdua ritalvor. 
311. 1 dva0peoror, 
313.1 Plut. Qwaest. nat. 9178; de curios. 520 F. 
MS. (Q.n.) Kéumara, (de c.) tépuara, Buttmann Képuara. 
From Plutarch Mor. 917 5 and Arist. Problem. inedit. II. 101, 
(Didot, IV. p. 310); Diels Hermes xv. 176 restores the following 
line after 313: 
< év iplg > b00° dméAcime rodav Grad} sitente 
314. Theophrast. de sens. § 22. 
315. Theophr. ibid. § 9. Diels Dox. 501 suggests dcrodr, 
316-325. Arist. de sens. et sensib. c. 2; 4837b26. Alex. Aphrod. on 
this passage. ‘ 

318. YE dpdpyous, M1 auovpyods. 320. Many MSS. rip. 323. MSS. 
Aerriiay ‘y’ 60dvyow corr. Bekker: several MSS. éxevaro, 
Aoxdfero, 324, Several MSS. duqivaévros, 

* Stein omits 312 from his numbering of the lines, 


EMPEDOKLES 197 


(306.) Then, on the other hand, the very opposite 
takes place to what happened before; the determined 
amount of water runs off as the air enters. Thus in 
the same way when the soft blood, surging violently 
through the members, rushes back into the interior, a 
swift stream of air comes in with hurrying wave, and 
whenever it (the blood) leaps back, the air is breathed 


out again in equal quantity. 


318. With its nostrils seeking out the fragments of 
animals’ limbs, <as many as the delicate exhalation from 


their feet was leaving behind in the wood.> 


314. So, then, all things have obtained their share 
of breathing and of smelling. 


815. (The ear) an offshoot of flesh. 


816. And as when one with a journey through a 
stormy night in prospect provides himself with a lamp 
and lights it at the bright-shining fire—with lanterns that 
drive back every sort of wind, for they scatter the breath 
of the winds as they blow—and the light darting out, 
inasmuch as it is finer (than the winds), shines across 
the threshold with untiring rays; so then elemental 
fire, shut up in membranes, it entraps in fine coverings 
to be the round pupil, and the coverings protect it against 
the deep water which flows about it, but the fire darting 
forth, inasmuch as it is finer... . 


198 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


7 tA 
Aerrhs eiv O0dvynct Noyxdeto KVKOTrA KoUpHY* 
/ 
ai 8 Bdatos psv BevOos arécteyov audiwaovtos, 310 
nr . , »” 
825 sip 8 2w duabp@ckov, dcov Tavawtepov HEV. . . 


(dP0arpar) pia yiyveras aupotépwv dp. 311, 


| 
atwartos év meddyerot TEOpaupévn avTBopovTos, 315 
Th Te vonua padoTa KuKdoKeTar avOpoTroow: 
f 
alua yap avOpwrois Trepixdpo.ov éoTt vonpua. 


380 mpos mapedv yap pitis agEera dvOp@Toiv. 318 


dccov 7 aAXoiot petéhur, TOcov ap odicw asi 319 
\ / > a / 
Kal dpovéew addota tapictato. 


yain pev yap yatay orw@rapev, Vdate 8 tdwp, 321 
aidéps 8 aidépa Siov, atap Tupi Tip aidnror, 
885 oropyh 62 otepyny, vetKos 52 Te veil AVYPO. 
8x TOUTwY yap TaVTA TeTHYyaTW appocbévTa 
\ , ' Noo 9 9Qrx 38 a 
Kal TovToLs Ppovéover Kal HSovt’ noe avi@VTAL. 





326. Arist. Poet. c. 21; 1458a5. Strabo, viii. 364. 
327-329. Stob. Hcl. Phys. i. p. 1026. 


327. MSS. rerpauéva, corr. Grot. ACt. avr:Opavros, other MSS. 
ayt@podvros, corr. Bergk. 328. ACt. KikAhonerar. 329. Cf. 
Etym. M. and Or. under afua; Tertul. de an. xv. 576; Chal- 
cid. on Tim. p. 305. 


330-332. ‘Arist. de anim. iii. 3; 42723; and Philop. on this passage. 
Arist. Met. iii. 5; 1009 b 18; Themist. on Arist. de anima 85 b. 


330. Some MSS. évatiera:. 330. MS. omits 7’. 331. MS. nad 7d 
poveiv, corr. Karst. 


333-335. Arist. de anim. i. 2; 404b 12; Met. ii. 4; 1000b6; Sext. 
Emp. Math. i. 303, vii. 92, 121. Philop. on Arist. de Gen. et corr.59b; 
Hipp. Ref. haer. p. 165. Single lines are mentioned elsewhere. 


334. Sext. Hép: 3’ Hépa. 335. Sometimes oropyny 5& oropyn. 
336-337. Theophr. de sens. § 10; Dow. 502. 


336. MS. ds é« rovrwy m., corr. Karst. 337. MS. fdovra Kal &., 
corr. Karst. é 


EMPEDOKLES 199 


326. There is one vision coming from both (eyes). 


327. (The heart) lies in seas of blood which darts in 
opposite directions, and there most of all intelligence 
centres for men ; for blood about the heart is intelligence 


in the case of men. 


330. For men’s wisdom increases with reference to 


what lies before them. 


331. In so far as they change and become different, 
to this extent other sorts of things are ever present for 


them to think about. 


333. For it is by earth that we see earth, and by 
water water, and by air glorious air; so, too, by fire 
we see destroying fire, and love by love, and strife by 
baneful strife. For out of these (elements) all things 
are fitted together and their form is fixed, and by these 
men think and feel both pleasure and pain. 


900 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


TEP] ®TSEQL TPITOX. 


Ei yap ébnuspiwv Evexev Ti cot, 4uppote Movaa, 

Hpetépns Ewerev pedrerns dia ppovtioas 2dOeiv, 
340 ebyouéve viv adte mapictaco, Kaddoreva, 

audi Oz@v paxdper ayabov Noyor éudaivovTe. 


drBios ds Oeiwy mpatidwy éxtycato TOUTOY, 354 
deid0s & 5 oxotdecca Oewy trépt b0Ea péwnrev. 


ovx oti TerAdoac#’ ovd’ opOarpotow édixtov 356 
845 perdpous % yepol AaBely, Hrep TE weyioTy 
meOods avOpotroow apakitos eis ppéva Titel. 
ov pev yap Bpotén Keparh Kxata yvia KéxaoTat, 
> X\ > \ v A / YP. 
ov pév atral vaToLo Svo0 KAdOoL aiccorTat, 360 
> 4 > \ nr 4 > / , 
ov 1d0es, od God yoor’, od pidea Nayvynerta, 
350 GAA pprv iep? Kal Abécpatos ZrdeTo podvor, 
ae : = 
~ § dpovtict kocpov &rrayta Kataiccovaa Bojow. 


* ed 


py en 





388-841, Hipp. Ref. haer. vii. 31; 254. Cf. Schneid. Philol. vi. 167. 


338. MS. eixdpa: pnueplwy, corr. Mill. MS. ribs, corr. Schneid. 
339. MS. jjmerépas meAeras, corr. Schn. 340. MS. edxouéver, 
corr. Schn. 341. MS. paxdpwy, corr. Mill. Schn. ka@apdv 
Aédyoy. 


342-343, Clem. Al. Strom. 733. 
344-346. Clem. Al. Strom. 694; Theodor. Ther. i. 476 p. 


344. Theod. reAdcacé 08’, Clem. meAdoacdas ev. 


347-351, Ammon. on Arist. de interpret. 199 b; Schol. Arist. i. 35 b. 
Tzet. Chiliad. xiii. 79. 848-849. Hippol. Ref. haer. p. 248. 350-351. 
Tzet. vii, 522. 


_ 347. Ammon. otre yap avdpouen neparg, Tzt. ob piv yap Bpotén 
xeparf. 348. Tat. od wey amal, Hippol. ob yap amd, Ammon. 
Tzt. vérwy ye... dlocovow. Text from Hippol. 349. 
Hippol. yotvar’ od whdea yerherra. (349a. Hippol. adds after 
349 the following Aad ogaipos env Kal loos early a’re, Schneid. 
GAAG ahaipos eis Kal mdvrobey Toros éavT@.) 


EMPEDOKLES __ 201 


Book III. 


838. Would that in behalf of perishable beings thou, 
immortal Muse, mightest take thought at all for our 
thought to come by reason of our cares! Hear me 
now and be eon again by my side, Kalliopeia, as I 


utter noble discourse about the blessed gods. 


342. Blessed is he who has acquired a wealth of 
divine wisdom, but miserable he in-whom there rests a 


dim opinion concerning the gods. 


344. It is not possible to draw near (to god) even 
with the eyes, or to take hold of him with our hands, 
which in truth is the best highway of parraciee into the 
mind of man; for he has no human head fitted to a 
body, nor do two shoots branch out from the trunk, nor 
has he feet, nor swift legs, nor hairy parts, but he is 


sacred and ineffable mind alone, darting through the 


whole world with swift thoughts. 


902 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


KA@APMOI 


"OQ piror, of péya dotu Kata Fabéov Axnpayavtos 389 
valet’ av axpa TodéEvs, ayabdv pedredrpoves 
Epyor, 
Ecivwv aidoi@y Nupéves, KAKOTNTOS ATrELpOL, 
355 yalper’> éyd 8 vupwv Oeds auBpotos, ov«ére 
. Ovnros, 
TONEDMAL META TAL TETLULEVvOS, MaTrEp EOLKE, 
rawiats Te TeploteTtos oTépecty Te Oareious. * 
rotow dp’ edt’ dv ixopar és dotea THAEOdwvTa, 395 
avipdow 788 yuvakl oeBifouar: of S ay’ 
ErrovTat 
360 pupior, 2Eepéovtes Sry mpos Képdos aTapTos, 
of piv pavtocuvéwy Keypnpuévor, of 8 ert 
vovow, 
Snpov 5) yaretjow meTappévor dud’ ddvvyct, 
mavtoiwy érvOovto KrWvew evnnéa Baku. 400 
GAA TE ToIcS’ erika’, Ooel péya yphyd Tt 
Tpdoowr, 
365 ef Ovntov Tepleius ToUPOEpéwv avOpeTrar ; 





352-363. Diog. Laer. viii. 62. Omitting 354, 362, Anthol. Bosch. i. 
86. 352-353, 355-356. Anth. gr. Jacobs ix. 569. 352-358. Diog. Laer. 
viii. 54 (cited as beginning of Book on Purifications). 354 inserted by 
Stz. from Diod. Sic. xiii. 83. 355. Diog. Laer. viii. 66; Sext. Emp. Math. 
i. 302; Philost. vit. Apoll. i. 1.; Lucian, pro laps. inter salut. i. 496 ; 
Cedren. chron. i. 157. j 

352. MS. gavO00, Bergk (a0éov. 353. variant valere &kpny: variants 
av, ay’, dv. Anth. wéAnos, Bergk réAews, Steph. wéAcus. 354. MS. 
aidoto:, Bergk aidolwy. 355. Vulg. duiv, Bergk tuuw. 356. Cd. 
Vind. reriunuévos . . . foun, 357. Vulg. Oadelns, corr. Karst. 
361. MS. 8€ 7, corr. Stz. Clem. Al. Strom. 754 mapaxo- 
Aovbeiy . . . Tobs wey wavToTUVaY Kexpnuevous, Tods 3° em) vodTov 
odnpdy 8) xadewoiot memapuévovs. 363. Platt, Jowrn. Philol. 
48 p. 247 €B8dAovro: MS. etnxéa, Seal. edfyen. 

364-365. Sext. Emp. Math. i. 302. 


365. Some MSS. moAupbopéwy, Cf. 163. 


EMPEDOKLES 203 


On PURIFICATIONS. 


352. O friends, ye who inhabit the great city of 
sacred Akragas up to the acropolis, whose care is good 
deeds, who harbour strangers deserving of respect, who 
know not how to do baseness, hail! I go about among 
you an immortal god, no longer a mortal, honoured by 
all, as is fitting, crowned with fillets and luxuriant 
garlands. With these on my head, so soon as I come 
to flourishing cities I am reverenced by men and by 
women; and they follow after me in countless numbers, 
inquiring of me what is the way to gain, some in want 
of oracles, others of help in diseases, long roe in truth 


pierced with grievous pains, they seek to hear from me 


keen-edged account of all sorts of things. 


364. But why do I lay weight on these things, as 
though I were doing some great thing, if I be superior 


to mortal, perishing men ? 


904 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


& diror, olda pév odv 67’ adnbein mapa pwbos, 407 
ods éy@ aGepio: para 0’ apyanen ys TeTUKTAL 
avdpdor kal Svobmros él ppéva Tictios bpp. 

Zotw dvayKns xpipa, Oedv hpirpa Traravoy, 1 

870 aidvov, mraTéecou KaTec¢pyylopévov Spots. 
edré Tis dumrakinor hove ira yvia pijvyn 3 
alwaros %) ériopkov dwapTncas éropocon . 
Satpov, olte paxpatevos Aehagaae Buoito, 4 
Tpis piv pupias @pas aro paxdpwv ddadno bat, 

375 huodpevoy travtoia Sua xpovov eidea OvynTar, 6 
dpyanréas Buoto.o peTadrXaccovta KEdevbous. 
aibépiov piv yap ode pévos TovTOVeE StoKél, 16 
movtos © és yOovds oddas drrémtuce, yaia 8 és 

auyas 
nediov akapavTos, 0 8’ aidgpos euBare divacs. 

880 drXdos & 2& adrdov SéyeTat, oTuyéovar b= TavTEs. 

Tov Kal éy@ viv sipl, puyas Ogobev Kal adyTns, 7 
velKEel palwopéev@ TicvVos. 





366-368, Clem. Al. Strom. 648. 

366. AH 67° dAndein, Cd. Paris. ex 7’ GAnOein. 367. Diels ots 
épéw* uddra 9’ apyadéen mavtecot TéTUKTAL. 

369-382. 369, 371, 873-374, 381 Plut. de exil. 607c. 369-370, 
372-383. Hippol. Ref. haer. 249-251 (scattered through the text). 
369-370. Simpl. Phys. 272 v; Stob. Hcl. ii. 7; 384. 374-375. Origen 
c. Cels. vill. 58 p.780. 377-380. Plut. de Is. et Os. 361 ¢ (Euseb. Praep. 
Ev. v. 5; 187). 377-379. Plut. de vit. alien. 880 Fr. 381-382. Asclep. 
in Brand. Schol. Arist. 629 a; Hierokl. carm, aur. 254; Plotin. Hnn. iv. 
81; 468 c¢. 

369. Plut. gor: ris (71), Hippol. gor: ri: Simpl. oppdyioua. 
371. Panz. Schneid. gpevav. 372. MS. bs nal éemiopxoy apap- 
Thoas émou@oet, corr. Schneid. Schneid. afuaciw, Stein 
aivaros. Knatz rejects 372 as a gloss from Hesiod Theog. 
793. 373. Plut. da/uoves ofre paxpaiwves AeAdyxac1 Kioto, Hippol. 
magicwint re (remainder as in text), Heeren daluwy., Orig. Hipp. 
pay amd, Of. awal vy. 848. 875. Orig. yiyvouévny mavrolay did 
xpévov idtay, Hippol. gvouévouvs mayroia bie xpdvov eldea. 
377. Hippol, wév ye, 378. Plut. de vit. alien. 5& x0ords . . . 
avémruce. Plut. de Is. ecadis. 378. Hipp. pacOovtos. 
381. MSS. és, r3,v, rds, corr. Scal. ; Hippol, confirms correction. 
Hippol. omits viv, Asclep. dip’, 882. Asclep, aiouéve. 


EMPEDOKLES 205 

866. Friends, I know indeed when truth lies in the 
discourses that I utter; but truly the entrance of assur- 
ance into the mind of man is difficult and hindered by 


jealousy. 


369. There is an utterance of Necessity, an ancient 
decree of the fae eternal, sealed fast with broad 
oaths: whenever any one defiles his body sinfully with 
bloody gore or perjures himself in regard to wrong-doing, 
one of those spirits who are heir to long life, thrice ten 
thousand seasons shall he wander apart from the 
blessed, being born meantime in all sorts of mortal forms, 
changing one bitter path of life for another. For mighty 
Air pursues him Seaward, and Sea spews him forth S 
the threshold of Earth, and Earth casts him into the 
rays of the unwearying Sun, and Sun into the eddies of 
Air ; one receives hind from the other, and all hate him. 
One of these now am I too, a fugitive from the gods 


and a wanderer, at the mercy of raging Strife. 


906 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


HSn ydp Tor’ eye yevounv Kodpos Te KOpy Te 380 
Odpvos 7’ oiwves Te Kal civ dds Eddorros ixOds. 

885. Kradod Te Kal KbKvoa, idwv dovvibea yOpov, 13 
?v0a Bévos te Kéros te kal Gddwv ZOvea Knpov 21 
avypnpat Te vocot Kal onrpies Epya Te pevoTd, 

"AThs av NelmOva KATA TKOTOS HAdoKOVOLW. 23 


2A > / 
aidvos apepOets. 


890 2& oins Tos Te Kal 6ocov pnKeos OABou 11 
Oe Tecwv KaTa yaiav errrcrat peta 
Ovnrots. 
HVOopEV TO’ UT’ AvTpoV UTdaTEYOD. 31 
#v0’ Hoav XOovin te cal ‘HdLoTN tavawres, 24 


Afpis 0 aipatoecoa Kat ‘Appovin Oepeparis, 





383-384. Clem. Al. Strom. 750; Diog. Laer. viii. 77; Athen. viii. 
365; Philostr. vit. Apoll. i. 1; 2, and often. 

383. Hippol. Philos. 3 fro: pév yap, Cedren. Chron. i.157 #rot pév 
mpara, Often kotpn te kdpos re. 384. Cedren. kal yp x.0. e& aAds 
tumvous ixOdsnal év "OAvutia Bods, Diog. Laer. Zumupos, Athen. 
éumopos, Clem. €AAoros. Others &udopos, vixuros, paldiuos. 

385-388. 385. Clem. Al. Strom. 516. 385b-386. Hierocl. carm. aur. 
254, 386, 388. Synesius de prov. i. 89D. 386-387. Prokl. on Kratyl. 
103 ; 386. Philo vol. ii. 638 Mang. 388. Synes. epist. 147 ; Julian. Imp. 
orat. &e. 

385. Clem. aovyfea, Hierocl. aréprea. 386. Synes. p0dvos, Philo 
pévar re Aluor re. 388. Syn. Iul. év Acid, Hier. dvd Acmuava, 
corr. Bentl. 

389. Hierocl., as just cited; Aemé@va dy dmodimdvy . . . els yhivov 
epxerar cama dABlov aidvos duepbels. 

. 390-391. Clem. Al. Strom. 516. 390. Plut. de exil. 607; Stob. 
Flor. ii. 80 Gais. 
390. Clem. kat ofov. 391. Clem. Aurdy, 


392. Porphyr. de ant. nymph. e. viii. 

393-399. (United by Bergk.) 393-396. Plut. de tranquil. an. 4748. 
394. Plut. de Is. Os. 3708. 396. Tztz. Chiliad. xii. 575. 397- 
399. Cornut. de nat. deor. chap. xvii. 


394. Plut. Is. Os. uépom:, 395. MS. Aeiwaln, corr. Bentl. 396. Tat. 


EMPEDOKLES 207 

883. For before this I was born once a boy, and a 
maiden, and a plant, and a bird, and a darting fish in 
the sea. 885. And I wept and shrieked on beholding the 
unwonted land where are Murder and Wrath, and other 
species of Fates, and wasting diseases, and putrefaction 


and fluxes. 


888. In darkness they roam over the meadow 


of Ate. 
389. Deprived of life. 


390. From what honour and how great a degree of 
blessedness have I fallen here on the earth to consort 


with mortal beings ! 
$92. We enter beneath this over-roofed cave. 


393. Where were Chthonie and far-seeing Heliope (7.¢. 
Earth and Sun ?), bloody Contention and Harmony of 
sedate face, Beauty and Ugliness, Speed and Loitering, 
lovely Truth and dark-eyed Obscurity, Birth and Death, 
and Sleep and Waking, Motion and Stability, many- 


crowned Greatness and Lowness, and Silence and Voice. 


90S THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


395 Kadtuoro 7’ Aioypy te, Qowod te Anvain Te, 
Nnpeptis 7’ épdecoa pedadyxoupos 7’ ’Acddeva, 
Dvow te DOipévyn te, Kal Edvain cal ”Eyepors, 

Kwo 7’ ’Acteudis Te, ToAvaTépaves Te Meyioro 
teal Dopin, Luwry te cal ’Oudain.t 

400 & mérrot, & SeiXov Ovntav yévos, & SvadvorBoyv, 14 

Toiwv ek 7’ épidwy Ex Te cTOVAXGY eyéver Oe. 

capkav aiodoypwtt TepiaTéANovea YITaVL. 379 

. apdiBpotnv xOova. 

ex piv yap Cow érider vexpoeioe’ apeiBov. 378 

405 ob8é tis Fy Kelvorcw "Apne Beds ob8: KuSoupos, 368 
ovde Zevs Bacireds ovd2 Kpdvos ov? Iocedar, 
adra Kurpis Bacinrea. 370 
THy oly evosBéecow aydd\pacw ihadcKovTo 
yparrois Te Cohort pipioict Te Sardaneddpots 

410 opvpyns Te axpyntov Ovoias NuBavou Te Pvwbdovs, 





i] 


meAdyko(u)pos, Plut. weAdyxapros. MSS. gopih, odpn. Mullach 
Siw14h. 
400-401. Clem. Al. Strom. 516-517. Timon Phlias. in Euseb. Pr. ev. 
xiv. 18. 


400. MS. 4 8, corr. Scalig. 401. MS. ofwy, corr. Stein. Cf. Timon. 
and Porphyr. de abstin. ii. 27. 


402. Stob. Hcl. i. 1050; Plut. de esu car. 998 c. 
Plut. dddoyvare, Stob. V addorxari, A GAAOYAGTL. 


403. Plut. Quaest. conv. 683 x. 
404. Clem. Al. Strom. 516. 


MS. vexpa, e%5e’, Flor. 758, corr. 


405-414. Porphyr. de abstin. ii. 21 (405-412), 27 (413-414). 405- 
411. Athen. xii. 510p. 405-407. Eustath. Iliad. x. p. 1261, 44. 412- 
414. Euseb. Pr. ev. iv. 14 from Porphyry; Cyrill. adv. Julian. ix. 307. 

406. Porphyr. 03’ 6 Kpévos, Eustath. omits. 407. Porphyr. adds 
H éorw 7 piAla. 408. Cf. Plato Legg. vi.782p and Iamblich. 
Vit. Pyth. 151. 409. Athen. yp. 8, Burnett jaxrois: 
Porphyr. dadarcécuos. 410. Porphyr. dxpdérov. 411. Athen. 


EMPEDOKLES 209 
400. Alas, ye wretched, ye unblessed race of mortal 


beings, of what strifes and of what groans were ye born! 


402. She wraps about them a strange garment of 


flesh. 
403. Man-surrounding earth. 


404. For from being living he made them assume 


the form of death by a change. .. . 


405. Nor had they any god Ares, nor Kydoimos (Up- 
roar), nor king Zeus, nor Kronos, nor Poseidon, but queer 
Kypris. Her they worshipped with hallowed offerings, 
with painted figures, and perfumes of skilfully made odour, 
and sacrifices of unmixed myrrh and fragrant frank- 
incense, casting on the ground libations from tawny bees. 
And her altar was not moistened with pure blood of 
bulls, but it was the greatest defilement among men, to 


deprive animals of life and to eat their goodly bodies. 
, PF 


a oa 


see 


. 


®10 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


Eov0ar Te oTrovdas pedTOv purtobvtes és ovOas, 
tavpwv 8 axpyrovcr povors od Severo Boyds. 375 
GNX pdoos TOOT’ ZoKev 2v avOpwTroLot péeyioTor, 
Oupov aroppaicavtas 2édpevat Héa yvia. 


415 hy Sé tus év Keivoiow av)p Tepiovora eidws 440 
/ 4 la] > (4 ” 

TavToiwy Te padioTa copay érrinpavos Epywv, 442 

ds 0) pnKioToy TpaTidwp exTicaTO TOUTOD. 441 


e y \ / > é : a) 

ommoTe yap Tadonow opéEatTo TpaTivecow, 

peta ye TOV dvToOY TavTwY NEVooECKEV ExacTO), 
420 Kai te 52x’ avOpétrav Kai 7 elkoow aidverow... 445 
Hoav yap Ktina Tavta Kal avOpwtro.ot Tpoonviy, 864 
pipes T oiwvoi Te, diioppoctvy Te SedHe0, 
dévdpea 8’ eurredoduAra Kal épumeddxaptra 

TeOnre1, 

nr 5] / / / Tvs , 

KapTa@v apGovines KaTHopa TavT’ éviauTov. 


425 ov méXeTat Tots piv Oeuitov dda, Tots & 
abgutoror, 403 
GNNA TO pev TaVT@V Voptpoy Sid 7’ evpupédovTos 
aidépos nvexéws TétaTas bia 7 aTréTOU avyis. 





tavOav . . . pimroyres, 412. Porphyr. Cyrill. axpiroiw1, Euseb. 
axpdroiwt, corr. Scalig. Porphyr. Severa:. 413. Cyrill. érxov. 
414. Porphyr. awroppécayres . . . €éAuevai, corr. Stein and Viger. 
415-420. Iamblich. Vit. Pyth. 67. Porphyr. Vit. Pyth. 30. 415, 
417. Diog. Laer. viii. 54. 
Order of verses in MS. 415,17, 16. 
421-424. 421-422. Schol. Nicand. Theriac. p. 81 Schn. 423-424, 
Theophrast. de caus. plant. i. 18,2. Cf. Plut. Quaest. conv. 649 o. 

422. MS. iroppootyn, corr. Stz. 423-424. delpuada Kal eumedd- 
_kaprd pnot OddAAcW Kaprav apbovinet Kar’ hépa mdr’ éviauvToy 
restored by Hermann. Herm. aiefpvada, corr. Karst. from 
Plutarch. Stz. kar’ népa, Lobeck. KaThopa. 

425-427. Arist. Rhet. i. 13 1873 b 15. 
425. Arist. rodro yap ob tis) pey Bleawov, Tic 8 od Bixouov, Karst. ; 


Oeurdy . . . G0emorov. 427. YbZbAc avyis, Bekker from one 
MS. ad yijs. 


EMPEDOKLES 211 

415. And there was among them a man of unusual 
knowledge, and master especially of all sorts of wise 
deeds, who in truth possessed greatest wealth of mind; 
for whenever he reached out with all his mind, easily he 
beheld each one of all the things that are, even for ten 


and. twenty generations of men. 


421. For all were gentle and obedient toward men, 
both animals and birds, and they burned with kindly 
love; and trees grew with leaves and fruit ever on 


them, burdened with abundant fruit all the year. 


425. This is not lawful for some and unlawful for 
others, but what is lawful for all extends on con- 
tinuously through the wide-ruling air and the boundless 


light. 


427. Will ye not cease from evil slaughter? See ye 
not that ye are devouring each other in heedlessness of 


mind ? 
P 2 


212 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


ov mavcecbe hovowo Svonxéos ; OvK écopaTe 416 
GdAjrovs Sarrovtes axnodelyot voto ; 

430 popdyy & adrdkavta watnp dpidov viov asipas 410 
obdle érevyomevos, péya vytrios’ ot 62 hopsbytat 
Aroadpevor Ovovtos: 0 8 dp viKovaTos OpoKhéwv 
odbdtas éy weydpoict Kaxhv adeyivato Satta. 
as 8 aitws tatép’ vids Ehwv Kal pntépa Traides 

435 Ovpov aroppaicayte piras Kata cdpKas Edovow. 


olpoe 67’ ov mpocbev pe SubdrEcE VNEES Hap, 9 

mpw axétr’ Epya Bopads epi xeideou pnTi- 
cacba. 

év Onpecot ALovTEs OpElhexées Yaparedvat 382 


yiyvovtat, Sadvat & evi dévdpecow HuvKdpotorv. 


440 Sadvaiwv dvAXwv aro TapTray Exec Oat. 419 


1 Serr0/, TavoeArol, Kudpwv aro xeipas #xyecOa. . 418 


Kpnvawv ato TévTE Taw ev ATELPEL YAAKO 422 
xXsipas atroppuwat. 
VNOTEVTAL KAKOTNTOS. 406 





428-429. Sext. E. Math. ix. 129. 
430-435. Sext. following the last verses. 430-431. Plut. de swper- 
stitione 171 ¢. 

431. MSS. oi 5 ropetyra, Scalig. ds . . . wopedra, Diels popedyrat, 
432. MSS. @vovres 68° avqxovoros, corr. Hermann. 435. MSS. 
amoppaicayra, corr. Karst. 

436-437. Porphyr. de abst. ii. 31. 
438-439. Aelian, Hist. An. xii. 7; Orphic. Frag. p. 511 Herm, 
438. Ael. év @npat 88. 
440. Plut. Quaest. conv. 646 pv. 
MSS. rijs Sdgyns tay piAdrAwy ard mdumay ExeoOa xph, corr. Stein. 
441. Aul. Gell. N.A. iv. 11; Didym. Geopon, ii. 35, 8. 
442-443. Theo. Smyrn. Avith. i. 19 Bull, p. 15, 9 Hill. 

MS. kpnvdwv ard rev’ dvinayra, pnoly, arelper xaArK@ Seiv aaroppu- 
wrecGat, Arist. poet.xxi.; 1457 b13 randy dreipér xardnG. Text 
from Diels. 


444, Plut. de ira 4648. 


EMPEDOKLES 213 


430. A father takes up his dear son who has changed 
his form and slays him with a prayer, so great is his 
folly ! They are borne along beseeching the sacrificer ; 
but he does not hear their cries of reproach, but slays 
them and makes ready the evil feast. Then in the 
same manner son takes father and daughters their 
mother, and devour the dear flesh when they have 
deprived them of life. 


436. Alas that no ruthless day destroyed me before 
I devised base deeds of devouring with the lips! 


438. Among beasts they become lions haunting the 
mountains, whose couch is the ground, and among fair- 
foliaged trees they become laurels. 


440. Refrain entirely from laurel leaves. 


441. Miserable men, wholly miserable, restrain your 
hands from beans. 


442. Compounding the water from five springs in 
unyielding brass, cleanse the hands. 


444, Fast from evil. 


445. Accordingly ye are frantic with evils hard to 
bear, nor ever shall ye ease your soul from bitter woes. 


447. But at last are they prophets and hymn-writers 
and physicians and chieftains among men dwelling on 
the earth ; and from this they grow to be gods, receiving 
the greatest honours, sharing the same hearth with the 
other immortals, their table companions; free from 
human woes, beyond the power of death and harm. 


914 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


445 rovydptou yadeT how advovtes KaxdTHOLW 420 
obrote Seihalwv ayéwv Awdiycete Ovpdr. 


eis 83 Tedos paves Te Kal bpvorrddot Kat intpot 384 
Kal mpdpot avOpwrrovoww erry Ooviowce médovTat, 
EvOev avaBracTover Ozol Tiphor Péprotos, 

450 d@avdros ddXNoLow opéoTtiol, adtotparrefot, 
eivies Gvopéslwv ayéwv, aTOKNpOL, ATELpEts. 





445-446. Clem. Al. Protr. p. 23. Cf. Carmen aureum v. 54 f. 

447-449. Clem. Al. Strom. p. 632; Theod. Therap. viii. p. 599. 

450-451. Clem. Al. Strom. p. 722; Euseb. Praep. evang. xiii. 13. 
MSS. édyres d. "Axa dwénAnpo: amnpets corr. Scaliger. 


PassaGES FROM PLATO RELATING TO EXMPEDOKLES. 


Phaed. 96 3. Is blood that with which we think, or 
air, or fire ...?! 

Gorg. 493 a. And perhaps we really are dead, as I 
once before heard one of the wise men say: that now we 
are dead, and the body our tomb, and that that part of the 
soul, it so happens, in which desires are, is open to per- 
suasion and moves upward and downward. And indeed 
a clever man—perhaps some inhabitant of Sicily or 
Italy—speaking allegorically, and taking the word from 
‘credible ’ (ai@avds) and ‘ persuadable’ (aietixds), called: 
it a jar (7/00s). And those without intelligence he called 
uninitiated, and that part of the soul of the uninitiated 
where the desires are, he called its intemperateness, and 
said it was not watertight, as & jar might be pierced with 
holes—using the simile because of its insatiate desires. 

Meno 76 c. Do you say, with Empedokles, that there 
are certain effluences from things ?—Certainly. 

And pores, into which and through which the 
effluences go ?—Yes indeed. 


1 
Cf. Cicero, Tusc. I. 9: ‘Empedocles animum esse censet cordi 
suffusum sanguinem.’ 


EMPEDOKLES 215 


And that some of the effluences match certain of the 
pores, and others are smaller or larger ?—It is true. 

And there is such a thing as vision ?—Yes. 

And... colour is the effluence of forms in agree- 
ment with vision and perceptible by that sense ?—It is. 

Sophist. 242 p. And certain Ionian and Sicilian 
Muses agreed later that it is safest to weave together 
both opinions and to say that Being is many and one 
[wodda Te cai ev}, and that it is controlled by hate and 
love. Borne apart it is always borne together, say the 
more severe of the Muses. But the gentler concede that 
these things are always thus, and they say, in part, that 
sometimes all is one and rendered loving by Aphrodite, 
while at other times it is many and at enmity with itself 
by reason of a sort of strife. 


PassaGEes IN ARISTOTLE REFERRING TO EMPEDOKLES. 


Phys.i. 3; 187a20. And others say that the opposites 
existing in the unity are separated out of it, as Anaximan- 
dros says, and as those say who hold that things are 
both one and many, as Empedokles and Anaxagoras. 

i. 4; 188a18. But it is better to assume elements 
_ fewer in number and limited, as Empedokles does. 
“ii. 4; 19620. Empedokles says that the air is not - 
always separated upwards, but as it happens. 

viii. 1; 250 b 27. Empedokles says that things are 
in motion part of the time and again they are at rest ; 
they are in motion when Love tends to make one out of 
many, or Strife tends to make many out of one, and in 
the intervening time they are at rest (Vv. 69-73). 

viii. 1; 25246. So it is necessary to consider this 
(motion) a first principle, which it seems Empedokles 
means in saying that of necessity Love and Strife control 
things and move them part of the time, and that they | 
are at rest during the intervening time. 


2916 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


De Caelo 279 b14. Some say that alternately at one 
time there is coming into being, at another time there is 
perishing, and that this always continues tobe the case ; 
so say Empedokles of Agrigentum and Herakleitos of 
Ephesus. 

ii. 1; 284a24. Neither can we assume that it is 
after this manner nor that, getting a slower motion 
than its own downward momentum on account of rota- 
tion, it still is preserved so long a time, as Empedokles 
says. 
ii. 18; 295a15. But they seek the cause why it 
_ remains, and some say after this manner, that its 
breadth or size is the cause; but others, as Empedokles, 
that the movement of the heavens revolving in a circle 
and moving more slowly, hinders the motion of the earth, 
like water in vessels. . . . 

ili. 2; 301a14: It is not right to make genesis take 
place out of what is separated and in motion. Wherefore 
Empedokles passes over genesis in the case of Love; for 
he could not put the heaven together preparing it out 
of parts that had been separated, and making the 
combination by means of Love; for the order of the 
elements has been established out of parts that had been 
separated, so that necessarily it arose out of what is one 
and compounded. 

lil. 2; 802a28. Empedokles says that fire and earth 
and associated elements are the elements of bodies, and 
that all things are composed of these. 

li. 6; 805a1. But if separation shall in some way 
be stopped, either the body in which it is stopped will be 
indivisible, or being separable it is one that will never be 
divided, as Empedokles seems to mean. 

iv. 2; 809219. Some who deny that a void exists, 


do not define carefully light and heavy, as Anaxagoras 
and Empedokles. 


EMPEDOKLES 217 


Gen. corr. i. 1; 314 b7. Wherefore Empedokles 
speaks after this manner, saying that nothing comes 
into being, but there is only mixture and separation of 
the mixed. 

i. 1; 315a 3. Empedokles seemed both to contradict 
things as they appear, and to contradict himself. For 
at one time he says that no one of the elements arises 
from another, but that all other things arise from these ; 
and at another time he brings all of nature together 
into one, except Strife, and says that each thing arises 
from the one. 

i, 8; 324 b 26. Some thought that each sense impres- 
sion was received through certain pores from the last and 
strongest agent which entered, and they say that after 
this manner we see and hear and perceive by all the other 
senses, and further that we see through air and water 
and transparent substances because they have pores that 
are invisible by reason of their littleness, and are close 
together in series ; and the more transparent substances 
have more pores. Many made definite statements after 
this manner in regard to certain things, as did Empe- 
dokles, not only in regard to active and passive bodies, 
but he also says that those bodies are mingled, the pores 
of which agree with each other. .. . 

i. 8; 825a34. From what is truly one multiplicity 
could not arise, nor yet could unity arise from what is 
truly manifold, for this is impossible; but as Empe-: 
dokles and some others say, beings are affected through 
pores, so all change and all happening arises after this 
manner, separation and destruction taking place through 
the void, and in like manner growth, solid bodies coming 
in gradually. For itis almost necessary for Empedokles 
to say as Leukippos does; for there are some solid and 
indivisible bodies, unless pores are absolutely contiguous. 

825b19. But as for Empedokles, it is evident that he 


918 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


holds to genesis and destruction as far as the elements 
are concerned, but how the aggregate mass of these 
arises and perishes, it is not evident, nor is it possible 
for one to say who denies that there is an element of 
fire, and in like manner an element of each other thing— 
as Plato wrote in the Timaeos. 

ii. 3; 880b19. And some say at once that there are 
four elements, as Empedokles. But he combines them 
into two ; for he sets all the rest over against fire. 

ii. 6; 833 b 20. Strife then does not separate the 
elements, but Love separates those which in their origin 
are before god ; and these are gods. 

Meteor. 357 a 24. In like manner it would be absurd 
if any one, saying that the sea is the sweat of the earth, 
thought he was saying anything distinct and clear, as 
for instance Empedokles; for such a statement might 
perhaps be sufficient for the purposes of poetry (for the 
metaphor is poetical), but not at all for the knowledge of 
nature. 

369 b11. Some say that fire originates in the clouds ; 
and Empedokles says that this is what is encompassed 
by the rays of the sun. 

De anim. i. 2; 404b7. As many as pay careful 
attention to the fact that what has soul is in motion, 
these assume that soul is the most important source of 
motion; and as many as consider that it knows and 
perceives beings, these say that the first principle is 
soul, some making more than one first principle and 
others making one, as Empedokles says the first prin- 
ciple is the product of all the elements, and each of these 
is soul, saying (Vv. 838-835). 

i. 4; 408a14. And in like manner it is strange that 
soul should be the cause of the mixture ; for the mixture 
of the elements does not have the same cause as flesh 
and bone. The result then will be that there are many 


EMPEDOKLES 219 


souls through the whole body, if all things arise out of 
the elements that have been mingled together; and the 
cause of the mixture is harmony and soul. 

i. 5; 410a 28. For it involves many perplexities to 
say, as Empedokles does, that each thing is known by the 
material elements, and like by like. .. . And it turns 
out that Empedokles regards god as most lacking in the 
power of perception ; for he alone does not know one of 
the elements, Strife, and (hence) all perishable things; 
for each of these is from all (the elements). 

li. 4; 415 b28. And Empedokles was incorrect when 
he went on to say that plants grew downwards with their 
roots together because the earth goes in this direction 
naturally, and that they grew upwards because fire goes 
in this direction. 

li. 7; 418b20. So it is evident that light is the 
presence of this (fire). And Empedokles was wrong, 
and any one else who may have agreed with him, in 
saying that the light moves and arises between earth 
and what surrounds the earth, though it escapes our 
notice. 

De sens. 441a4. It is necessary that the water in 
it should have the form of a fluid that is invisible by 
reason of its smallness, as Empedokles says. 

446 a 26. Empedokles says that the light from the 
sun first enters the intermediate space before it comes to 
vision or to the earth. 

* De respir. 477a82. Empedokles was incorrect in 
saying that the warmest animals having the most fire 
were aquatic, avoiding the excess of warmth in their 
nature, in order that since there was a lack of cold and 
wet in them, they might be preserved by their position. 

Pneumat. 482.229. With reference to breathing some 
do not say what it is for, but only describe the manner 
in which it takes place, as Empedokles and Demokritos.. 


220 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


484.88. Empedokles says that fingernails arise from 
sinew by hardening. 

Part. anim. i.1; 640219. So Empedokles was 
wrong in saying that many characteristics appear in 
animals because it happened to be thus in their birth, as 
that they have such a spine because they happen to be 
descended from. one that bent itself back. . . . 

i. 1; 642a18. And from time to time Empedokles 
chances on this, guided by the truth itself, and is com- 
pelled to say that being and nature are reason, just as 
when he is declaring what a bone is; for he does not say 
it is one of the elements, nor two or three, nor all of 
them, but it is the reason of the mixture of these. 

De Plant. i.; 8154216. Anaxagoras and Empedokles 
say that plants aremoved by desire, and assert that they 
have perception and feel pleasure and pain. . . . Em- 
pedokles thought that sex had been mixed in them. 
(Note 817 a1, 10, and 36.) 

i.; 815 b12. Empedokles et al. said that plants have 
intelligence and knowledge. 

i.; 817b35. Empedokles said again that plants 
have their birth in an inferior world which is not perfect 
in its fulfilment, and that when it is fulfilled an animal 
is generated. 

i. 3; 984a8. Empedokles assumes four elements, 
adding earth as a fourth to those that have been men- 
tioned ; for these always abide and do not come into 
being, but in greatness and smallness they are com- 
pounded and separated out of one and into one. 

i. 3; 984 b 32. And since the opposite to the good ap- 
peared to exist in nature, and not only order and beauty 
but also disorder and ugliness, and the bad appeared to 
be more than the good and the ugly more than the 
beautiful, so some one else introduced Love and Strife, 
each the cause of one of these. For if one were to 


EMPEDOKLES 221 


follow and make the assumption in accordance with 
reason and not in accordance with what Empedokles 
foolishly says, he will find -Love to be the cause of what 
is good, and Strife of what is bad; so that if one were to 
say that Empedokles spoke after a certain manner and 
was the first to call the bad and the good first principles, 
perhaps he would speak rightly, if the good itself were 
the cause of all good things, and the bad of all bad things. 
Met. i. 4; 915a 21. And Empedokles makes more use 
of causes than Anaxagoras, but not indeed sufficiently; 
nor does he find in them what has been agreed upon. 
At any rate love for him is often a separating cause and 
strife a uniting cause. For whenever the all is separated 
into the elements by strife, fire and each of the other 
elements are collected into one; and again, whenever 
they all are brought together into one by love, parts are 
necessarily separated again from each thing. Empedokles 
moreover differed from those who went before, in that he 
discriminated this cause and introduced it, not making 
the cause of motion one, but different and opposite. 
Further, he first described the four elements spoken of 
as in the form of matter; but he did not use them as 
four but only as two, fire by itself, and the rest opposed 
to fire as being one in nature, earth and air and water. 
i. 8; 989a20. And the same thing is true if one 
asserts that these are more numerous than one, as 
Empedokles says that matter is four substances. For 
it is necessary that the same peculiar results should hold 
good with reference to him. For we see the elements 
arising from each other inasmuch as fire and earth do 
not continue the same substance (for so it is said of 
them in the verses on nature) ; and with reference to 
the cause of their motion, whether it is necessary to 
assume one or two, we must think that he certainly did 
not speak either in a correct or praiseworthy manner. 


992 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


i.9; 993a15. For the first philosophy seems to 
speak inarticulately in regard to all things, as though 
it were childish in its causes and first principle, when 
even Empedokles says that a bone exists by reason, that 
is, that it was what it was and what the essence of the 
matter was. 

Meta. ii. 4; 1000a25. And Empedokles who, one 

‘might think, spoke most consistently, even he had the 
same experience, for he asserts that a certain first prin- 
ciple, Strife, is the cause of destruction ; but one might 
think none the less that even this causes generation out 
of the unity; for all other things are from this as their 
source, except god. 

Meta. ii. 4; 1000a 32. And apart from these verses 
(vv. 104-107) it would be evident, for if strife were not 
existing in things, all would be one, as he says; for when 
they come together, strife comes to a stand last of all. 
Wherefore it results that for him the most blessed God 
has less intelligence than other beings ; for he does not 
know all the elements; for he does not have strife, and 
knowledge of the like is by the like. 

Meta. ii. 4; 1000b16. He does not make clear any 
cause of necessity. But, nevertheless, he says thus much 
alone consistently, for he does not make some beings 
perishable and others imperishable, but he makes all 
perishable except the elements. And the problem now 
under discussion is why some things exist and others do 
not, if they are from the same ‘elements). 

Meta. xi. 10; 1075 b2. And Empedokles speaks in a 
manner, for he makes friendship the good. And this is 
the first principle, both as the moving cause, for it brings 
things together; and as matter, for it is part of the 
mixture. 

Ethic. vii. 5; 1147b12. He has the power to speak 


EMPEDOKLES 223 


but not to understand, as a drunken man repeating 
verses of Empedokles. 
Ethic. viii. 2; 1155b7. Others, including Empe- 
dokles, say the opposite, that the like seeks the like. 
Moral. ii. 11; 1208b11. And he says that when a - 
dog was accustomed always to sleep on the same tile, 
Empedokles was asked why the dog always sleeps on the 
‘same tile, and he answered that the dog had some like- 
ness to the tile, so that the likeness is the reason for 
its frequenting it. 
_ Poet. 1; 1447 b 16. Homer and Empedokles have no- 

thing in common but the metre, so that the former should 
be called a poet, the latter should rather be called a 
student of nature. 

Fr. 65; Diog. Laer. viii. 57. Aristotle, in the 
Sophist, says that Empedokles first discovered rhetoric 
and Zeon dialectic. 

Fr. 66; Diog. Laer. viii. 63. Aristotle says that (Em- 
pedokles) became free and estranged from every form 
of rule, if indeed he refused the royal power that was 
granted to him, as Xanthos says in his account of him, 
evidently much preferring his simplicity. 


Passaces In Diets’ ‘ DoxoarapHi GRAECI’ RELATING TO 
E\MPEDOKLES. 


Aet. Place. i. 3; Dox. 287. Empedokles of Akragas, 
son of Meton, says that there are four elements, fire, air, 
water, earth ; and two dynamic first principles, love and 
strife ; one of these tends to unite, the other to separate. 
And he speaks as follows :—Hear first the four roots of 
all things, bright Zeus and life-bearing Hera and 
Aidoneus, and Nestis, who moistens the springs of men 
with her tears. Now by Zeus he means the seething 
and the aether, by life-bearing Hera the moist air, 


994 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


and by Aidoneus the earth; and by Nestis, spring 
of men, he means as it were moist seed and water. 
i. 4; 291. Empedokles: The universe is one; not 
however that the universe is the all, but some little 
part of the all, and the rest is matter. i.7; 303. And 
he holds that the one is necessity, and that its matter 
consists of the four elements, and its forms are strife and 
love. And he calls the elements gods, and the mixture : 
of these the universe. And its uniformity will be re- 
solved into them ;! and he thinks souls are divine, and 
that pure men who in a pure way have a share of them 
(the elements) are divine. i.13; 312. Empedokles: 
-Back of the four elements there are smallest particles, 
as it were elements before elements, homoeomeries (that 
is, rounded bits). i.15; 818. Empedokles declared that 
colour is the harmonious agreement of vision with the 
pores. And there are four equivalents of the elements 
—white, black, red, yellow. i. 16; 815. Empedokles (and 
Xenokrates) : The elements are composed of very small 
masses which are the most minute possible, and as it 
were elements of elements. 1.24; 320. Empedokles et al. 
and all who make the universe by putting together bodies 
of small parts, introduce combinations and separations, 
but not genesis and destruction absolutely ; for these 
changes take place not in respect to quality by transfor- 
mation, but in respect to quantity by putting together. 
i. 26; 821. Empedokles: The essence of necessity is the 
effective cause of the first principles and of the elements. 

Aet. Plac. ii. 1; Dox. 328. Empedokles: The course 
of the sun is the outline of the limit of the universe. 
ii. 4; 831. Empedokles: The universe <arises and> 
perishes according to the alternating rule of Love and 
Strife. ii.6; 834. Empedokles: The aether was first 
separated, and secondly fire, and then earth, from which, 

1 Cf. p. 119, note 1. 


EMPEDOKLES 225 


as it was compressed tightly by the force of its rotation, 
* water gushed forth; and from this the air arose as vapour, 
and the heavens arose from the aether, the sun from the 
fire, and bodies on the earth were compressed out of the 
others. ii. 7; 336. Empedokles: Things are not in 
fixed position throughout the all, nor yet are the places 
of the elements defined, but all things partake of one 
another. il. 8; 3838. Empedokles: When the air gives 
way at the rapid motion of the sun, the north pole is 
bent so that the regions of the north are elevated and the 
regions of the south depressed in respect to the whole 
universe. i. 10; 339. Empedokles: The right side is 
toward the summer solstice, and the left toward the 
winter solstice. li.11; 839. Empedokles: The heaven 
is solidified from air that is fixed in crystalline form 
by fire, and embraces what partakes of the nature of 
fire and of the nature of air in each of the hemispheres. 
H, 18; 341. Empedokles: The stars are fiery bodies 
formed of fiery matter, which the air embracing in itself 
pressed forth at the first separation. 342. The fixed stars 
are bound up with the crystalline (vault), but the planets 
are set free. ii. 20; 350. Empedokles: There are two 
suns ; the one is the archetype, fire in the one hemi- 
sphere of the universe, which has filled that hemisphere, 
always set facing the brightness which corresponds to 
itself; the other is the sun that appears, the corre- 
sponding brightness in the other hemisphere that has 
been filled with air mixed with heat, becoming the 
erystalline sun by reflection from the rounded earth, and 
dragged along with the motion of the fiery hemisphere; to 
speak briefly, the sun is the brightness corresponding to 
the fire that surrounds the earth. ii. 21; 851. The sun 
which faces the opposite brightness, is of the same size 
as the earth. ii. 23; 353. Empedokles: The solstices 
are due to the fact that the sun is hindered from moving 
Q 


926 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


always in a straight line by the sphere enclosing it, and 
by the tropic circles. ii. 24; 354. The sun is eclipsed ° 
when the moon passes before it. ii. 25; 357. Empedo- 
kles: The moon is air rolled together, cloudlike, its fixed 
form due to fire, so that it is a mixture. 11.27; 358. The 
moon has the form of a disk. ii. 28; 358. The moon 
has its light from the sun. ii. 81; 362. Empedokles : 
~ The moon is twice as far from the sun as it is from the 
earth (?) 868. The distance across the heavens is greater 
than the height from earth to heaven, which is the dis- 
tance of the moon from us; according to this the heaven 
is more spread out, because the universe is disposed in 
the shape of an egg. 

Aet. Plac. iii. 83; Dox.868. Empedokles: (Thunder 
and lightning are) the impact of light on a cloud so that 
the light thrusts out the air which hinders it; the ex- 
tinguishing of the light and the breaking up of the cloud 
produces a crash, and the kindling of it produces light- 
ning, and the thunderbolt is the sound of the lightning. 
iii. 8; 875. Empedokles and the Stoics: Winter comes 
when the air is master, being forced up by condensation ; 
and summer when fire is master, when it is forced down- 
wards. iii. 16; 881. Theseais the sweat of the earth, 
brought out by the heat of the sun on account of 
increased pressure. 

Aet. Plac. iv. 83; Theod. v.18; Dox. 889. Empe- 
dokles: The soul is a mixture of what is air and aether 
in essence. iv. 5; 892. Empedokles et al.: Mind and 
soul are the same, so that in their opinion no animal 
would be absolutely devoid of reason. Theod. v. 23; 392. 
Empedokles et al.: The soul is imperishable. Aet. iv. 9; 
396. Empedokles et al.: Sensations are deceptive. 
397. Sensations arise part by part according to the sym- 
metry of the pores, each particular object of sense being 
adapted to some sense (organ). iv. 18; 408. Empe- 


EMPEDOKLES 226. 


dokles: Vision receives impressions both by means of 
rays and by means of images. But more by the second 
method ; for it receives effluences. iv.14; 405. (Re- 
flections from mirrors) take place by means of effluences 
that arise on the surface of the mirror, and they are 
completed by means of the fiery matter that is sepa- 
rated from the mirror, and that bears along the air which 
lies before them into which the streams flow. iv. 6; 406. 
Empedokles : Hearing takes place by the impact of wind! 
on the cartilage of the ear, which, he says, is hung up 
inside the ear so as to swing and be struck after the 
manner of a bell. iv. 17; 407. Empedokles: Smell is 
introduced with breathings of the lungs; whenever the 
breathing becomes heavy, it does not join in the per- 
ception on account of roughness, as in the case of those 
who suffer from aflux. iv. 22; 411. Empedokles : The 
first breath of the animal takes place when the moisture 
in infants gives way, and the outside air comes to the 
yoid to enter the opening of the lungs at the side; 
and after this the implanted warmth at the onset from 
without presses out from below the airy matter, the 
breathing out; and at the corresponding return into the: 
outer air it oceasions a corresponding entering of the air,, 
the breathing in. And that which now controls the blood 
as it goes to the surface and as it presses out the airy 
matter through the nostrils by its own currents on its 
outward passage, becomes the breathing out ; and when 
the air runs back and enters into the fine openings that 
are scattered through the blood, it is the breathing in. 
And he mentions the instance of the clepsydra. 

Aet. Place. v.7; 419. Empedokles: Male or female 
are born according to warmth and coldness; whence he 
records that the first males were born to the east and 
south from the earth, and the females tothe north. v. 8; 
420. Empedokles: Monstrosities are due to too much or 

a2 


298 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


too little seed (semen), or to disturbance of motion, or to 
division into several parts, or to a bending aside. v. 10; 
491. Empedokles: Twins and triplets are due to excess of 
seed and division of it. v.11; 422. Empedokles: Like- 
nesses (of children to parents) are due to power of the 
fruitful seed, and differences occur when the warmth in 
the seed is dissipated.! v.12; 423. Empedokles: Offspring 
are formed according to the fancy of the woman at the 
time of conception ; for oftentimes women fall in love with 
images and statues, and bring forth offspring like these. 
v. 14; 425. Empedokles: (Mules are not fertile) be- 
cause the womb is small and low and narrow, and 
attached to the belly in a reverse manner, so that the 
seed does not go into it straight, nor would it receive the 
seed even if it should reach it. v.15; 425. Empedokles : 
The embryo is [not] alive, but exists without breathing 
in the belly; and the first breath of the animal takes 
place at birth, when the moisture in infants gives way, 
and when the airy matter from without comes to the 
void, to enter into the openings of the lungs. v. 19; 480. 
Empedokles: The first generations of animals and plants 
were never complete, but were yoked with imcongruous 
parts; and the second were forms of parts that belong 
together ; and the third, of parts grown into one whole; 
and the fourth were no longer from like parts, as for 
instance from earth and water, but from elements 
already permeating each other; for some the food 
being condensed, for others the fairness of the females 
causing an excitement of the motion of the seed. And 
the classes of all the animals were separated on account 
of such mixings; those more adapted to the water rushed 
into this, others sailed up into the air as many as had 
the more of fiery matter, and the heavier remained on 
the earth, and equal portions in the mixture spoke in 
' Cf. Galen, Hist. Phil. 118 ; Dox. 642. 


EMPEDOKLES 229 


the breasts of all. v. 22; 484. Empedokles: Flesh is 
the product of equal parts of the four elements mixed 
together, and sinews of double portions of fire and earth 
mixed together, and the claws of animals are the product 
of sinews chilled by contact with the air, and bones of two 
equal parts of water and of earth and four parts of fire 
mingled together. And sweat and tears come from blood 
as it wastes away, and flows out because it has become 
rarefied. v.24; 435. Empedokles: Sleepis a moderate / 
cooling of the warmth in the blood, death a complete cool- g is 
ing. v.25;487. Empedokles: Death is a separation of ~ 
the fiery matter out of the mixture of which the man} 
is composed ; so that from this standpoint death of the | 
body and of the soul happens together ; and sleep is a} 
separating of the fiery matter. v.26; 438. Empedokles : 
Trees first of living beings sprang from the earth, before 
the sun was unfolded in the heavens and before day and 
night were separated; and by reason of the symmetry 
of their mixture they contain the principle of male and 
female ; and they grow, being raised by the warmth that 
is in the earth, so that they are parts of the earth, just 
as the fetus in the belly is part of the womb; and 
the fruits are secretions of the water and fire in the 
plants; and those which lack (sufficient) moisture shed ( 
their leaves in summer when it is evaporated, but those | 
which have more moisture keep their leaves, as in the 
ease of the laurel and the olive and the date-palm ; 
and differences in their juices are (due to) variations in 
the number of their component parts, and the differences 
in plants arise because they derive their homoeomeries 
from (the earth which) nourishes them, as in the case 
of grape-vines; for it is not the kind of vine which 
makes wine good, but the kind of soil which nurtures 
it. v. 26; 440: Empedokles: Animals are nurtured by 
the substance of what is akin to them [moisture], and 


230 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


they grow with the presence of warmth, and grow smaller 
and die when either of these is absent; and men of the 
present time, as compared with the first living beings, 
have been reduced to the size of infants (?). v.28; 440. 
Empedokles: Desires arise in animals from a lack of the 
elements that would render each one complete, and 
pleasures... 

Theophr. Phys. opin. 3; Dox. 478. Empedokles of 
Agrigentum makes the material elements four: fire and 
air and water and earth, all of them eternal, and 
changing in amount and smallness by composition and 
separation; and the absolute first principles by which 
these four are set in motion, are Love and Strife; for the 
elements must continue to be moved in turn, at one 
time being brought together by Love and at another 
separated by Strife; so that in his view there are six 
first principles ; for sometimes he gives the active power 
to Love and Strife, when he says (vv. 67-68): ‘Now 
being all united by Love into one, now each borne apart 
by hatred engendered of Strife;’ and again he ranks 
these as elements along with the four when he says 
(vy. 77-80) : ‘ And at another time it separated so that 
there were many out of the one; fire and water and 
earth and boundless height of air, and baneful Strife 
apart from these, balancing each of them, and Love 
among them, their equal in length and breadth.’ 

Fr. 23; Dox. 495. Some say that the sea is as it 
were a sort of sweat from the earth; for when the earth 
is warmed by the sun it gives forth moisture; accord- 
ingly it is salt, for sweat is salt. Such was the opinion 
of Empedokles. 

Theophr. de sens. 7; Dox. 500. Empedokles speaks in 
like manner concerning all the senses, and says that we 
perceive by a fitting into the pores of each sense. So they 


EMPEDOKLES 231 


are not able to discern one another’s objects, for the 
pores of some are too wide and of others too narrow for 
the object of sensation, so that some things go right 
through untouched, and others are unable to enter com- 
pletely. And he attempts to describe what vision is ; and 
he says that what is in the eye is fire and water, and 
what surrounds it is earth and air, through which light 
being fine enters, as the light in lanterns. Pores of fire 
and water are set alternately, and the fire-pores recog- 
nise white objects, the water-pores black objects; for 
the colours harmonise with the pores. And the colours 
move into vision by means of efiluences. And they are 
not composed alike ...and some of opposite elements ; 
for some the fire is within and for others it is on the out- 
side, so some animals see better in the daytime and 
others at night; those that have less fire see better 
by day, for the light inside them is balanced by the 
light outside them; and those that have less water 
see better at night, for what is lacking is made up for 
them. And in the opposite case the contrary is true; 
for those that have the more fire are dim-sighted, since 
the fire increasing plasters up and covers the pores 
of water in the daytime; and for those that have 
water in excess, the same thing happens at night ; for 
the fire is covered up by the water.... Until in the 
case of some the water is separated by the outside light, 
and in the case of others the fire by the air; for the cure 
of each is its opposite. That which is composed of both 
in equal parts is the best tempered and most excellent 
vision. This, approximately, is what he says con- 
cerning vision. And hearing is the result of noises 
coming from outside. For when (the air) is set in motion 
by a sound, there is an echo within; for the hearing is 
as it were a bell echoing within, and the ear he calls an 
‘ offshoot of flesh’ (v. 315): and the air when it is set 


932 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


in motion strikes on something hard and makes an 
echo.! And smell is connected with breathing, so those 
have the keenest smell whose breath moves most quickly ; 
and the strongest odour arises as an effluence from fine 
and light bodies. But he makes no careful discrimina- 
tion with reference to taste and touch separately, either 
how or by what means they take place, except the 
general statement that sensation takes place by a fitting 
into the pores ; and pleasure is due to likenesses in the 
elements and in their mixture, and pain to the opposite. 
And he speaks similarly concerning thought and igno- 
rance: Thinking is by what is like, and not perceiving 
is by what is unlike, since thought is the same thing as, 
or something like, sensation. For recounting how we 
recognise each thing by each, he said at length (vv. 
336-337) : Now out of these (elements) all things are fitted 
together and their form is fixed, and by these men think 
and feel pleasure and pain. So it is by blood especially 
that we think ; for in this especially are mingled <all> 
the elements of things. And those in whom equal and 
like parts have been mixed, not too far apart, nor 
yet small parts, nor exceeding great, these have the 
most intelligence and the most accurate senses; and 
those who approximate to this come next; and those 
who have the opposite qualities are the most lacking in 
intelligence. And those in whom the elements are 
scattered and rarefied, are torpid and easily fatigued; 
and those in whom the elements are small and thrown 
close together, move so rapidly and meet with so many 
things that they accomplish but little by reason of tlie 
swiftness of the motion of the blood. And those in 
whom there is a well-tempered mixture in some one 
part, are wise at this point; so some are good orators, 
others good artisans, according as the mixture is in the 


? Reading «vovpevoy with Diels. 


EMPEDOKLES 233 


hands or in the tongue; and the same is true of the 
other powers. 

Theophr. de sens. 59; Dox. 516. And Bitvpadokhe 
says of colours that white is due to fire, and black to 
water. 

Cie. De nat. deor. xii.; Dox. 585. Winpeicklen, 
along with many other mistakes, makes his worst error 
in his conception of the gods. For the four beings of \ 
which he holds that all things consist, he considers 
divine ; but it is clear that these are born and die and 
are devoid of all sense. 

Hipp. Phil. 3; Dox. 558. And Empedokles, who 
lived later, said much concerning the nature of the 
divinities, how they live in great numbers beneath the 
earth and manage things there. He said that Love and 
Strife were the first principle of the all, and that the 
intelligent fire of the monad is god, and that all things 
are formed from fire and are resolved into fire; and the 
Stoics agree closely with his teaching, in that they ex- 
pect a general conflagration. And he believed most fully 
in transmigration, for he said: ‘For in truth I was 
born a boy and a maiden, and a plant and a bird, and 
a fish whose course lies in the sea.’ He said that all 
souls went at death into all sorts of animals. 

Hipp. Phil. 4; Dox. 559. See Herakleitos, p. 64. 

Plut. Strom. 10; Dox. 582. Empedokles of Agri- 
gentum: The elements are four—fire, water, aether, 
earth. And the cause of these is Love and Strife. From 
the first mixture of the elements he says that the air was 
separated and poured around in a circle; and after the 
air the fire ran off, and not having any other place to go 
to, it ran up from under the ice that was around the air. 
And there are two hemispheres moving in a circle around 
the earth, the one of pure fire, the.other of air and a 
little fire mixed, which he thinks is night. And motion 


234 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


began as a result of the weight of the fire when it was 
collected. And the sun is not fire in its nature, but a 
reflection of fire, like that which takes place in water. 
And he says the moon consists of air that has been shut 
up by fire, for this becomes solid like hail ; and its light it 

—_/| gets from the sun. The ruling part is not in the head 
or in the breast, but in the blood ; wherefore in whatever 
part of the body the more of this is spread, in that part 
men excel. 

Epiph. adv. Haer,. iii. 19; Dox. 591. Empedokles of 
Agrigentum, son of Meton, regarded fire and earth and 
water and air as the four first elements, and he said that 
enmity is the first of the elements. For, he says, they 
were separated at first, but now they are united into 
one, becoming loved by each other. So in his view the 
first principles and powers are two, Enmity and Love, 
of which the one tends to bring things together and the 
other to separate them. 


239 


XI. 
ANAXAGORAS. 


AnaxaGoras of Klazomenae, son of Hegesiboulos, was 
born in the seventieth Olympiad (500-497) and died 
in the first year of the eighty-eighth Olympiad (428), 
according to the chronicles of Apollodoros. It is said 
that he neglected his possessions in his pursuit of 
philosophy ; he began to teach philosophy in the archon- 
ship of Kallias at Athens (480). The fall of a meteoric 


stone at Aegos Potamoi (467 or 469) influenced pro- 


foundly his views of~the heavenly bodies. Perikles 
brought him to Athens, and tradition says he remained 
there thirty years. His exile (434-432) was brought 
about by the enemies of Perikles, and he died at Lam- 
psakos. He wrote but one book, according to Diogenes, 
and the same authority says this was written in a 
pleasing and lofty style. 


Literature :—Schaubach, Anax. Claz. Frag. Lips. 
1827; W. Schorn, Anaz. Claz. et Diog. Apoll. 
Frag. Bonn 1829; Panzerbieter, De frag. Anaz. 
ord. Meining. 1886; Fr. Breier, Die Philosophie 
des Anax. nach Arist. Berl. 1840. Cf. Diels, 
Hermes xiii. 4. 


a 


936° THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


FRAGMENTS OF ANAXAGORAS. 


1. duod yphpata Tavta jy areipa Kal TAHOsS Kat 
opiKpoTnta* Kal yap TO oplKpov arrELpov HV. Kal TavT@V 
Opod govtTwv ovdsyv evdnrov Hv bd cpLKpOTHTOS* TavTAa 
yap anp te Kal aiOip Kateiyev appoTepa arreipa ZovTa: 
TaiTa yap péywota eveotiv év Tots ovptract Kal wAHOEL 
Kab peye0er. 

2. cal yap arp te Kal aidijp amoxpivovtas amd Tob 
ToAAOD TOU TEpleyovTOS. Kal TO Ye TEpLexov aTrELPCY 
éoTl TO TAHOOS. 

4, mplv 83 amoxpiOfvar ... TavT@Y opmod eovTwV Ode 
xpon evdnros Fv ovdeulas amex@Ave yap 9 oipptis 
TavTov xpnuadtwv Tod Te Siepod Kal Tov Enpod Kal 
Tov Oepuod Kal Tod ~Wuypod Kal Tod Nawmpod Kal Tod 
Copepod Kal ys mwodAHs éveovons Kal oTreppatov aTrEipov 
TAHOovs ovdzv Z0LKOT@V GAXAjAOLS. -0vb2 yap TOV AwV 
ovdev EouKe TO ETEpov TO ETEpM. 

3. ToUTwy O& otTws éyovTwv, yp SoKety évelvar 
TOANG Te Kal TavToia év Tact Tots cuyapwopdvors Kab 
aaspuars TavT@OV YpnudTaV Kal iddas mavtolas ExovTa 
Kai xpoias Kal 7Sovas. 


Sources and Critical Notes. 
1. Simpl. Phys. 88 v 155, 26. (First clause 8 r 34, 20, and 37r 
172, 2.) 
34,20 and 172, 2 wavra xphuara. 155,28. aD etdndrov, Text 
from DE. 
2. Simpl. Phys. 33 v 155, 31. 
155, 31. aD 6 ap re Kal 6 aidhp, Text follows EF. 


4. Simpl. Phys. 838 v 156, 4. (8 r 34, 21 substitutes for the last 
line a paraphrase of Fr. 3.) 
34, 21 inserts raira after dmoxpiOjva. 34, 24 nal ris, Text from 
156, 7. 


3. Simpl. Phys. 8 r 34, 29. 33 vy 156, 2. 33 v 157, 9. (Cf. 
p. 34, 25 at end of Fr. 4.) 


ANAXAGORAS 237 


TRANSLATION. 


1. All things were together, infinite both in number 
and in smallness ; for the small also was infimite. And 
when they were all together, nothing was clear and dis- 
tinct because of their smallness; for air and aether com- 
prehended all things, both being infinite; for these are 
present in everything, and are greatest both as to num- 


ber and as to greatness. 


2. For air and aether are separated from the sur- 
rounding mass; and the surrounding (mass) is infinite 


in quantity. 


4, But before these were separated, when all things 
were together, not even was any colour clear and distinct ; 
for the mixture of all things prevented it, the mixture 
of moist and dry, of the warm and the cold, and of the 
bright and the dark (since much earth was present), 
and of germs infinite in number, in no way like each 
other ; for none of the other things at all resembles the 
one the other. 


8. And since these things are so, it is necessary to 
think that in all the objects that are compound there 
existed many things of all sorts, and germs of all objects, 
having all sorts of forms and colours and tastes. 


938 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


fol Py \ . ft lal 
10. cal avOpemovs Te cuptrayivar Kal Ta adda Coa 
a / 3 
doa wWuynv exe. Kal Tois ye avOpwToiow eivar Kai 
” / ef 
mToNELS TUVOKNMEvAaS Kal Epya KaTETKEVAT EVA, WOTEP 
n lal XN / 
map’ jpiv, Kal nédvov Te avTotow sivas Kat TEAHVHVY Kai 
\ » ? g eon \ \ a 2 A , 
Ta GAA, WoTEPp Tap Huly, KaL THY Yhv avToicL hve 
; a a / 
ToAAd Te Kal TavTola, wy éKElvot TA OVHLOTA CUVEVEY- 
 «apevoe sis THY OlKNnoOW ypaYTal. TavTa pév OvV pot 
an n / 
AéAEKTaL TEepl THs atoKpicLos, OTL OK av Tap uty povor 
amoxpiOein, AANA Kal Gy. 
11. oftw toiTwy TEepiywpovvTwy TE Kal aTroKpwwo- 
é PSN / \ a , 6: ¢€ \ 
pévev vrd Bins Te xal TaxyuThTos. Binv 58 % TaxuT}s 
mous. 1) O& TayuTns av’T@v ovdevl ZovKE YpHwaTL THY 
TAXUTHTA TOV viv zovTaY XpnuaTwv év avOpwTra.s, adda 
TavTws TOMNATAATIwWS TAYY OTL. 
, H 
14. rovtwy 82 otta Siaxexpipévov yivoOcKev yp, OTL 
/ Os 2 / b] \ yds , > \ bd \ 
mavtTa ovdsv éhdoow éotiv ovdé TAEiW. OD Yap avUOTOV 
TavToV TAElw Eival, GANG TaVTa ica él. 
5. &y mavtl tavtos poipa evectw Try vod, EcTLV 
giat 62 Kal vovs ev. 
6. \ \ ” \ a , a ae 
oa pap ara TayTos poipay peréyet, vais 62 oT, 
drretpoy Kal abroxpar és Kal peemonras ovdevt Xpipart, anr4a 
povos autos é’ gavtod got. ei on yap ed’ savTod Hr, 








10. Simpl. Phys. 8 r 35, 3. 83 v 157, 9 (continuing Fr. 3). 

Simpl. de coelo. 
157, 12. cuvnuuévas, Text from 35, 4. 157, 13. #Avoy . . . abrots 
éveivat, 35,7. E racwviuora, aF ré éviord, Text from 157, 15. 
35, 8. (radra . . . &AAn) is omitted at 157, 16. 
11. Simpl. Phys. 8 r 35, 14. 
35, 16. DE xphmara. 17. DE voir. 
14. Simpl. Phys. 33 v 156, 10. 
DE r& xdvra, Text from aF’. 

5. Simpl. Phys. 35 r 164, 23. 

6. Simpl. Phys. 35 v 164, 24 ra wey. . . wéuiwrar odder!, and 83 r 156, 
13, beginning vois 5¢ éorw. Phys. 156,13 cf. 67 y 301, 5, and 38 v 
176, 32 (37 1174, 16). Phys. 156, 19 cf. 88 v 176, 34. Phys. 156, 24 
ef. 35 v 165, 31 and 37 r 174, 7. Phys. 157, 2 cf. 87 yr 175, 11 and 38 


ANAXAGORAS 239 


10, And men were constituted, and the other animals, 
as many as have life. And the men have inhabited 
cities and works constructed as among us, and they have 
sun and moon and other things as among us; and the 
earth brings forth for them many things of all sorts, 
of which they carry the most serviceable into the house 
and use them. These things then I have said concerning 
the separation, that not only among us would the 
separation take place, but elsewhere too. 


11. So these things rotate and are separated by force 
and swiftness. And the swiftness produces force; and 
their swiftness is in no way like the swiftness of the 
things now existing among men, but it is certainly many 


times as swift. 


14. When they are thus distinguished, it is necessary 
to recognise that they all become no fewer and no more. 
For it is impossible that more than all should exist, but 


all are always equal. 


5. Inall things there is a portion of everything except 
mind; and there are things in which there is mind also. 


6. Other things include a portion of everything, but 
mind is infinite and self-powerful and mixed with no- 
thing, but it exists alone itself by itself. For if it were 


240 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


GN Tem euéucKTo AX, mETElyev Av dTrdyTOV ypnuaTor, 
el 2uguixto Te@. év TavTl yap TavTOs polpa EvecTLV,WoTEp 
dv Trois mpocbev por AédEKTaL, Kal av 2xddvEV adbTov Ta 
TUppemuyéva, BITE pNdEVOS YpHuaToS KpaTEiv Ouolws ws 
kal povov zovta 2p’ égavtod. zott yap NeTTOTAaTOY TE 
mavrev ypnudtov Kal KaBapwrtatov Kal yveOpny ye Tept 
mravtos Tacav layer Kal ioyver péyioTor, Kal boa ye Yuy7y 
yer xal peifo Kal ehacow, TayTov vods Kpaté. Kal THs 
TépLYwopnolos THS cuuTracns voos éxpatnaey, ote Tept- 
Yophcar Ty apyyv. Kat TpATov amd Tod cpyiKpod HpEato 
mepiywpelv, eel 68 mAEiov wEeptywpEl, Kal TEprywpyoEet 
éql wAéov. Kal TA TUppLOYomEVa TE Kal ATrOKpLVOmEVa Kal 
Suaxpwopeva, Tavta zyvw vods. Kal omola Euedrev Eoe- 
a0at Kal oroia Hv, Kai boca viv ott Kal OTola zoTaL, 
mavTa SuKocpnoe vods, Kal Ty TEpiyopnow TavTHy iv 
viv TEepiywpéeer TA TE AoTpA Kai O HrLOs Kal ) TEAHVN Kal 
0 anp Kal 6 aidnp oi arroxpivopevor. 1 SF TEpLywpnots 
aitn éeroincey atoxpivecOa. Kal amoxplvetat amd TE 
Tod dpavod TO TUKVOY Kal dro TOD Yruypod TO Oeppdv Kal 
amo Tov Copepod TO Aaptrpov Kai ard Tod SiEepod TO Enpdv. 
poipat 6& modal ToAdAMY sict. TavTamact Os OvdEeV 
dmoxpivetat obbé Svaxpiveras Erepov dro Tod Etépov TAHY 
vod. vods d& mas buovds gore Kai 6 psifwv Kal o édaTTOoP. 





v 176, 24. Phys. 157, 3 cf. 35 v 165, 14. Phys. 157, 4 ef. 35 v 
165, 3. 
156, 15. 176, 34 ém’ éwurod: D GAAd Téw, E GAAG Téws, F GAN’, Text 
froma. 156,16. DEF weretxe uév, Text from a. 156, 17. 
Refers to Fr. 5. ak F' dvexéavev, Text from D. 156,20. toxeu. 
177, 1 xe. 156, 21. aDF' omit «al before Sea, Text from H 
and 177,2. 177, 2 ra pmel(w Kal ra eAdoow. 156, 22. ED! 
meptxwphioews, Text from aD?F. 177, 3 omits &ore—éni 
mréov. 156, 23. E omits rod before cucpod. al’ wepixwpiioai, 
Text from DE. 156, 26. 165, 33 Kad érdca viv éort Kal 
forat, 177, 5. Gooa viv ws) ors. 157, 3. 165, 15. After Suoov 
oidevl the words érépw admelpwy ivrwy should probably be 
ascribed to Simpl. 157, 4. DE aaa’ 81a, F tAAw tH: F ra 
wAciora (also 165, 3), Text from aDE. 


ANAXAGORAS 24] 


not by itself, but were mixed with anything else, it would 
include parts of all things, if it were mixed with any- 
thing ; for a portion of everything exists in everything, 
as has been said by me before, and things mingled with it 
would prevent it from having power over anything in the 
same way that it does now that it is alone by itself. For 
it is the most rarefied of all things and the purest, and it 
has all knowledge in regard to everything and the greatest 
power ; over all that has life, both greater and less, mind ie 
rules. And mind ruled the rotation of the whole, so that 
it set it in rotation in the beginning. First it began the 
rotation from a small beginning, then more and more 
was included in the motion, and yet more will be 
included. Both the mixed and the separated and distinct, 
all things mind recognised. And whatever things were 
to be, and whatever things were, as many as are now, 
and whatever things shall be, all these mind arranged 
in order; and it arranged that rotation, according to 
which now rotate stars and sun and moon and air and 
aether, now that they are separated. Rotation itself 
caused the separation, and the dense is separated from 
the rare, the warm from the cold, the bright from the 
dark, the dry from the moist. And there are many 
portions of many things. Nothing is absolutely separated 
nor distinct, one thing from another, except mind. All 
mind is of like character, both the greater and the 


smaller. But nothing different is like anything else, but 
R 


249 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


Erepov 52 oddév orev Spovov obdévt, GAN btw Tréiota Evt, 


fa) b) 5 , e . , > Hat, 4 
rabdta évonrornta bv ExacTov éoTe Kal I~ 

7. Kar are ApEato 6 voids KuweEir, ard TOU KivoUpLEvov 

va 7 e fol n“ lal 
mavtos amexpiveto, Kal doov éKivycEv 0 VOUS, TAY TOUTO 
BuexplOn. —xivoupéveov 8: xal Svaxpivopévev 1) TEpLy@- 
pnris TOANG padrov erroler Scaxpivec Oar. 

8. 7O. pay mu«vov Kal Suepov Kat auxypov Kal TO 
Copepov evOdde auvexopnosv evOa viv <1) yn>* TO Oe 
b] \ \ \ \ \ \ x \ \ \ 
dpawov Kal To Oeppov Kat TO Enpov <xal TO Kaytpov> 
éEeyadpnoev eis TO mpoaw Tov aidépos. 

9. ard TouTéwy aToKpwopévov cupTyvuTat Yi)" aK 

x \ cn ame a ) , Pas a 4S 
usv yap Tov veperov Udwp aroKpiveTal, Ex Oe TOU VoaTos 
a a a m / fal - 
vit, 8 O& THS ys AiOor cvpmrHyvuvTas vrs Tod Wuypod, 
& a | / jal a TD) 
obo 88 éxywpéovet paNdov TOV VOATOS. 
12. 6 88 vods, ds del Tote, Kapta Kal viv zoTW, iva 
Co tN tee , > a n ; Nay A 
Kal Ta ANA TAVTA, EV TO TOAAM TEPLEXOVTL KAL EV TOLS 
arroxpileior Kal év Tots GTrOKpLVOpevols. 

13. od KeyopioTas GAM)OV TA ev TO svi Koopm ovde 
> ; BA \ XN > Ni an a 
arrokéxomTat Tedéxer odTE TO Ospyov amo Tod >AruxpoU 

+ ’ na n 
ode TO Wruxpov amd TOD Oeppod. 

15. ovre yap Tod opiKpod zoTu TO YE éhdyoTov, aNd’ 
>: pee a \ \ 9\ > ” \ \ > + 
Zraccov del. TO yap gov OvK EoTL TO pN OVK ELVAL. 








7. Simpl. Phys. 66 r; 300, 31. 33. DE nal, af’ omit. 

8. Simpl. Phys. 381; 179, 3. Cf. Dow. 562, 3. 

4. 179, 4 Diels would supply 7d before d:epdy and wuxpoy. 5. From 
Dow. 562 add h yi. . . Td Aapumpdr. 

9. Simpl. Phys. 38 r 179, 8. In part 33 r 155, 21. Cf. 106 v 460, 
18-14. 155,22. Al@or cvmrqyvevra. 

12. Simpl. Phys. 33 x 157, 7. Simpl. 80a éori re, corr. Diels : roAAd 
mepiéxovt, corr. Diels; cf. p. 155, 31: mpookpidetot . . . dmoxpwopévors, 
corr. Diels ; cf. 156, 28. 

13. Simpl. Phys. 37 r 175, 12 beginning with otdé. To meAéxet, 38 v 
176, 29. 

15. Simpl. Phys. 85 vy 164,17. Cf. 351 166, 15. 

164,17. MS. 7d ph, Zeller, Phil. Gr. i.', 884 n. 8 rou. After 


ANAXAGORAS 943 


a 


in whatever object there are the most, each single object 
is and was most distinctly these things.! 

7. And when mind began to set things in motion, 
there was separation from everything that was in motion, 
and however much mind set in motion, all this was 
made distinct. The rotation of the things that were 
moved and made distinct caused them to be yet more 
distinct. 

8. The dense, the moist, the cold, the dark, collected 
there where now is the earth; the rare, the warm, the 
dry, the bright, departed toward the farther part of the 
aether. 

9. Earth is condensed out of these things that are 
separated. For water is separated from the clouds, and 
earth from the water; and from the earth stones are 
condensed by cold; and these are separated farther 
from water.? 

12. But mind, as it always has been, especially now 
also is where all other things are, in the surrounding 
mass, and in the things that were separated, and in the 
things that are being separated. 

13. Things in the one universe are not divided from 
each other, nor yet are they cut off with an axe, neither 
hot from cold, nor cold from hot. 

15. For neither is there a least of what is small, but 


there is always a less. For being is not non-being. 


1 Le. things are called after the element or elements (homoeomeries) 
which predominate in their make-up. 
* Cf. Herakleitos, Fr. 68. 
R2 


244 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


GANA Kal TOD peyarou aei gots petfov. Kal loov éoTi THO 
ouiKp@ TAHOos, Tpos éavTd O8 ExacTov zoTL Kai péya Kal 
oMLKpoV. 

16. Kat dre 83 icas poipai eiot ToD TE MEyddov Kal TOD 
optKpod TAOS, Kal oUTws av ein Ev TavTi TayTa. ovdE 
xopls toTw sivalt, ANNA TavTa TavTOS poipay mETEXEL. 
dte TOvAdYLTTOV fun) EoTLY sival, ovK dv SvvaLTO ywpt- 
cOjvat, ovd’ av ep Eavtod yevér Oar’ AXN STrMOTEpP apyny 
eivat Kal viv, TavTa Omov. é&v TaoL O& TOA EvEeoTL, Kal 
TOV atoKpiwopevav ica TAHOos év Tos peifoot TE Kat 
éXacooot. 

17. 70 88 yiver Oar Kai adrodAvabar odK opOds vopi- 
Govew of “EXXyves* obd8v yap yphua yivetas ovd2 aTrOd- 
AuTalL, GAN ard édvToV ypnudToV cuUpployeTal TE Kal 
duaxpivetat. Kat ows av opOas Kadolev TO TE yiverOat 
oupployecOat Kal TO atroddrAva Oar Siaxpiver Oar. 

(18.) was yap dy é« un TpLxds yivoito OplE Kal cape 
&K pu) TapKos ; 





elvat Schorn inserts ore 7d wéyiorov, comparing previous line 
and 166, 16. 

16. Simpl. Phys. 35 v 164, 24. 

17. Simpl. Phys. 34 v 163, 20. 

18. Schol. in Gregor. Naz. Migne 36, 911. (Cf. Hermes xiii. 4, Diels.) 


ANAXAGORAS 945 


But there is always a greater than what is great. And 
it is equal to the small in number; but with reference 
to itself each thing is both small and great. 

16. And since the portions of the great and the 
small are equal in number, thus also all things would 
be in everything. Nor yet is it possible for them to 
exist apart, but all things include a portion of every- 
thing. Since it is not possible for the least to exist, 
nothing could be separated, nor yet could it come into 
being of itself, but as they were in the beginning so they 
are now, all things together. And there are many 
things in all things, and of those that are separated 
there are things equal in number in the greater and 
the lesser. 

17. The Greeks do not rightly use the terms ‘ coming 
into being’ and ‘perishing.’ For nothing comes into 
_ being nor yet does anything perish, but there is mixture 
and separation of things that are. So they would do right 
in calling the coming into being ‘ mixture,’ and the 
perishing ‘ separation.’ 

(18.) For how could hair com2 from what is not 
hair? Or flesh from what is not flesh ? 


PassaGES FROM PLATO REFERRING TO ANAXAGORAS. 


Apol. 26 p. He asserts that I say the sun is a stone 
and the moon is earth. Do you think of accusing 
Anaxagoras, Meletos, and have you so low an opinion of 
these men and think them so unskilled in letters as not 
to know that the books of Anaxagoras of Klazomenae 
are full of these doctrines? And forsooth the young 
men are learning these matters from me, which some- 
times they can buy from the orchestra for a drachma at 
the most, and laugh at Sokrates if he pretends that they 
are his—particularly seeing they are so strange. 


2946 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


Phaedo 72 0. And if all things were composite and 
were not separated, speedily the statement of Anaxa- 
goras would become true, ‘ All things were together.’ 

97 c. I heard a man reading from a book of one 

~. Anaxagoras (he said), to the effect that it is mind which 
— arranges all things and is the cause of all things. 
98s. Reading the book, I see that the man does 
7 ‘not make any use of mind, nor does he assign any causes 
for the arrangement of things, but he treats air and 
aether and water as causes, and many other strange 
things. 

Lysis 214 8. The writings of the wisest men say . 
that it is necessary for the like always to be loved ne 
the unlike. 

Hipp. Mai. 283 a. They say you had an experience 
opposite to that of Anaxagoras; for though he inherited 
much property he lost it all by his carelessness; so he 
practised a senseless wisdom. 

Kratyl. 400 a. And do you not believe Anaxagoras 
that the nature of all other things is mind, and that 
it is soul which arranges and controls them ? (ef. Phaedo 
72 c). 

409 a. It looks as though the opinion Anaxagoras 
recently expressed was a more ancient matter, that the 
moon has its light from the sun. 

: 413 c. Anaxagoras is right in saying that this is 

» mind, for he says that mind exercising absolute power 

and mingled with nothing disposes all things, running 
through all. 

Rival. 182 a. But the youths seemed to be quarrel- 
ling about Anaxagoras or Oenopedos, for they were 
evidently drawing circles and imitating certain inclina- 
tions by the slope of their hands with great earnestness. 

Phil. 28c. All the wise men agree that mind is king 
of heaven and earth for us. 


< 


“1 


ANAXAGORAS 247 


30 p. Some long ago declared that always mind 
rules the all. 

Legg. 967 8. And some had the daring to conjecture 
this very thing, saying that it is mind which disposes 
all things in the heavens. And the same men again, 
being in error as to the nature of soul, in that it is 
older than bodies, while they regarded it as younger, to 
put it in a word, turned all things upside down, and 
themselves most of all. For indeed all things before 
their eyes—the things moving in the heavens—appeared 
to them to be full of stones and earth and many other 
soulless bodies, which dispose the causes of all the 
universe. 

Phaedr. 270 a. All the arts that are great require 
subtlety and the higher kind of philosophy of nature ; 
so such loftiness and complete effectiveness seem to come 
from this source. This Perikles acquired in addition to 
being a man of genius; for as the result, I think, of his 
acquaintance with such a man as Anaxagoras he became 
imbued with high philosophy, and arrived at the nature 
of intelligence [vods] and its opposite, concerning which 
Anaxagoras often discoursed, so that he brought to the 
art of speaking what was advantageous to him. 


PassaGEs IN ARISTOTLE REFERRING TO ANAXAGORAS. 


Phys. i. 4; 187a 20. And others say that the oppo- 
sites existing in the one are separated out of it, as 
Anaximandros says, and as many as say that things are 
one and many, as Empedokles and Anaxagoras; for 
these separate other things out of the mixture. . . And 
Anaxagoras seems to have thought (the elements) in- 
finite because he assumed the common opinion of the 
physicists to be true, that nothing arises out of non- 
being; for this is why they say, as they do, that all 


948 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


things were together, and he established the fact that 
such ‘ arising’ was change of form. 

Phys.i.4; 187236. They thought that (what arose) 
arose necessarily out of things that are and their attri- 
butes, and, because the masses were so small, out of 
what we cannot perceive. Wherefore they say that 
everything was mixed in everything because they saw 
everything arising out of everything; and different 
things appeared and were called different from each 
other according to what is present in greater number 
in the mixture of the infinites; for the whole is not 
purely white or black or sweet or flesh or bone, but the 
nature of the thing seems to be that of which it has 
the most. 

Phys. iii. 4; 2083 a 19. And as many as make the 
elements infinite, as Anaxagoras and Demokritos, the 
former out of homoeomeries. . . . 

Phys. iii. 5; 205b1. Anaxagoras speaks strangely 
about the permanence of the infinite; for he says that 
the infinite itself establishes itself—that is, it is in itself; 
for nothing else surrounds it, so that wherever anything 
may be, it is there in virtue of its origin. 

Phys. iv. 6 ; 218.a 22. Some who try to show that the 
void does not exist, do not prove this of what men are 
wont to call a void, but they make the mistake Anaxa- 
goras did and those who attempted to prove it after this 
manner. Tor they show that air is something, blowing 
skins up tight, and showing how strong air is, and shut- 
ting it up in clepsydrae. 

Phys. viii. 1; 250b24. For Anaxagoras says that 
when all things were together and had been at rest for 
an infinite time, mind introduced motion and caused 
separation.! 

Phys. viii. 5; 256 b 24. So Anaxagoras is right in 

1 Cf. 265 b 22. 


ANAXAGORAS 249 


saying that mind is not affected by other things and is 
unmixed, since he makes it the first principle of motion. 
For thus only, being unmoved, it might move, and being 
unmixed, it might rule.' 

De caeloi.3; 270 b 24. Anaxagoras does not use 
this word [ai@yp| rightly, for he uses the word aether 
instead of fire. 

De caelo iii. 2; 301212. Anaxagoras starts to con- 
struct the universe out of non-moving bodies. 

De caelo iii. 3 ; 302 a 81. Anaxagoras says the oppo- 
site to Empedokles, for he calls the homoeomeries ele- 
ments (I mean such as flesh and bone and each of those 
things), and air and fire he calls mixtures of these and of 
all the other ‘seeds ;’ for each of these things is made of 
the invisible homoeomeries all heaped together. Where- 
fore all things arise out of these things; for he calls fire 
and aether the same. And since there is a peculiar 
motion of every material body, and some motions are 
simple and some complex, and the complex motions are 
those of complex bodies and the simple motions of simple 
bodies, it is evident that there will be simple bodies. For 
there are also simple motions. So it is evident what 
elements are, and why they are. . 

De caelo iv. 2; 809 a 20. Some of those who deny 
that there is a void say nothing definite concerning 
lightness and weight, for instance Anaxagoras and 
Empedokles. 

Gen. corr. i. 1; 814a11. Others assert that matter 
is more than one, as Empedokles and Leukippos and 
Anaxagoras, but there is a difference between these. 
And Anaxagoras even ignores his own word, for he 
says that he has shown genesis and destruction to be 
the same as change, but like the others, he says there 
are many elements. ... Anaxagoras et al. say there 

1 Cf, Met. 989 b 15, 


950 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


are an infinite number of elements. For he regards the 
homoeomeries as elements, such as bone and flesh and 
marrow, and other things of which the part (wépos) has 
the same name as the whole. 

De anima i. 2; 404 a 25. In like manner Anaxa- 

: _b_/feoras says that soul is the moving power, and if any 
one else has said that mind moved the all, no one said 
it absolutely as did Demokritos. 

De anima i. 2; 404 b 1. Anaxagoras speaks less 
clearly about these things; for many times he rightly 
and truly says that mind is the cause, while at other 
times he says itis soul; for (he says) it is in all animals, 
both great and small, both honoured and dishonoured. 
But it is not apparent that what is intelligently called 
mind is present in all animals alike, nor even in all 
men. 

De anima i. 2; 405418. Anaxagoras seems to say 
that soul and mind are different, as we said before, but 
he treats both as one in nature, except that he regards 
mind especially as the first principle of all things; for 
he says that this alone of all things is simple and un- 
mixed and pure. And he assigns both to the same 
first principle, both knowledge and motion, saying that 
mind moves the all.! 

De anima i.19; 405b19. Anaxagoras alone says 
that mind does not suffer change, and has nothing in 
common with any of the other things. 

De anima lii.4; 429218. It is necessary then that 
“it be unmixed since it knows [voet] all things, as Anaxa- 
| goras says, in order that it may rule, that is, that it may 
rai know [yvepifn]. 
er De part. anim. iv. 10; 687a7. Anaxagoras says 
that man is the most intelligent of animals because he 
has hands. 


'Cf. iii. 4; 429b 24. 


ANAXAGORAS 251 


De plant. i.; 815416. Anaxagoras said that plants 
are animals and feel pleasure and pain, inferring this 
because they shed their leaves and let them grow again. 

De plant. i.; 816b 26. Anaxagoras said that plants 
have these (motion and sensation) and breathing. 

De plant.i.; 817 a 26. Anaxagoras said that their 
moisture is from the earth, and on this account he said 
to Lechineos that the earth is mother of plants, and the 
sun father. 

De X. Z. G. ii. ; 976 b 20. Anaxagoras busying him- 
self on this point, was satisfied with saying that the void 
does not exist, nevertheless he says beings move, though 
there is no void. 

Meta. i. 3; 984a11. Anaxagoras of Klazomenae, 
who preceded him (Empedokles) in point of age and 
followed him in his works, says that the first principles 
are infinite in number; for nearly all things being made 
up of like parts (homoeomeries), as for instance fire and 
water, he says arise and perish only by composition and 
separation, and there is no other arising and perishing, 
but they abide eternal. 

Meta.i. 8; 984b8. Besides these and similar causes, 
inasmuch as they are not such as to generate the nature 
of things, they (again compelled, as we said, by the truth 
itself) sought the first principle which lay nearest. For 
perhaps neither fire nor earth nor any other such thing 
should fittingly be or be thought a cause why some things 
exist and others arise; nor is it well to assign any such 
matter to its voluntary motion or to chance. Moreover 
one who said that as mind exists in animals, so it 
exists in nature as the cause of the universe and of all 
order, appeared as a sober man in contrast with those 
before who spoke rashly. 

Meta. i. 4; 985a18. Anaxagoras uses mind asa de- 
vice by which to construct the universe, and when he is 


959 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


t a loss for the cause why anything necessarily is, then 
fr drags this in, but in other cases he assigns any other 
cause rather than mind for what comes into being. 
Meta. i. 8; 989a 30. And if any one were to assume 
that Anaxagoras said the elements were two, he certainly 
would assume it according to a principle which that one 
did not describe distinctly ; nevertheless he would follow 
along a necessary path those who guided him. For 
though it is strange particularly that he said all things 
had been mixed together at first, and that they must 
first have existed unmixed because they came together, 
and because chance had not in its nature to be mingled 
with chance; and in addition to this it is strange that he 
should separate qualities and accidental characteristics 
from essences (for there is mixture and separation of 
these), nevertheless if any one should follow him and try 
to put together what he wanted to say, perhaps he would 
seem to speak in a very novel manner. For when nothing 
was separated, clearly it was not possible to say anything 
true of that essence, I mean to say that anything was 
white or black or grey or any other colour, but every- 
thing was necessarily colourless ; for it might have any 
of these colours. In like manner it is tasteless, nor 
according to the same line of argument could it 
have any other of the like qualities; for it could not 
have any quality, or quantity, or anything. For then 
one of what are sometimes called forms would exist for 
it, and this is impossible when all things are mixed 
together ; for it would have been already separated, 
and he says that all things are mixed together except 
mind, and this alone is unmixed and pure. It results 
from these views that he says the first principles are unity 
(for this is simple and unmixed), and what is different 
from unity, such as we suppose the undefined to be 
before it was defined and partook of any form. So he 


ANAXAGORAS 253 


does not speak rightly or clearly, still he means some- 
thing like those who spoke later and with greater 
clearness. 

Meta. iii. 5; 1009b 25. And he called to mind the 
saying of Anaxagoras that just such things as men 
assume will be real for them. 

Meta. iil. 7; 1012a26. The thought of Anaxagoras 
. . . that some things exist between contradictory propo- 
sitions, so that all things are false; for when they are 
mixed together, the mixture is neither good nor not- 
good, so that there is nothing true to be said.! 

Meta. x. 6; 1063b25. According to the position of 
Herakleitos, or of Anaxagoras, it is not possible to speak 
the truth. 

Ethic. vi. 5; 1141b38. Wherefore they say that Thales 
and Anaxagoras and such wise men are lacking in intelli- 
gence, when they see them ignorant in things that are 
for their own advantage, and they say they know things 
extraordinary and wonderful and dreadful and divine, 
but these are of no use, because they do not seek human 
good, ; 

Ethic. x. 9; 1179 a 18. And Anaxagoras did not 
seem to regard the rich man nor yet the powerful man 
as the happy one when he said he would not be sur- 
prised if any one appeared strange to the many; for 
these judge by what is outside, for that is all they can 
see. 


PASSAGES IN THE DOXOGRAPHISTS REFERRING TO 
ANAXAGORAS. 


Aet. Plac. i.8; Dox. 279. Anaxagoras of Klazo- 
menae declared that homoeomeries are the first prin- 
ciples of things. For he thought it most difficult to 

1 Of. iv. 4; 1007 b 25. 


954 TILE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


understand how anything should arise out of not-being, 
or perish into not-being. Certainly we take simple food 
of one kind, such as the bread of Demeter, and we drink 
water; and from this nourishment there are nurtured 
hair, veins, arteries, sinews, bones, and the other 
parts. Since these arise we must acknowledge that 
in the nourishment that is taken are present all 
realities, and from them everything will grow. And 
in that nourishment there are parts productive of 
blood and of sinews and bones and the rest; these 
are the parts that may be discovered by contempla- 
tion. For it is not necessary to perceive everything 
by sense, how that bread and water give rise to these 
things, but the parts may be discovered in them by 
contemplation. From the fact that parts exist in the 
nourishment like the things that are generated, he called 
them homoeomeries, and declared that they are the first 
principles of things; and he called the homoeomeries 
matter, but the active cause that arranges all things is 
mind. And he began thus: All things were together 
‘and mind arranged and disposed them. So we must 
assert that he associated an artificer with matter. 
1.7; 299. Anaxagoras says that bodies are established 
according to first principles, and the mind of God 
arranged them and caused the generations of all things. 
i. 7; 802. The mind that made the universe is God. 
i. 14; 312. Anaxagoras: The homoeomeries are of many 
shapes. i. 17; 3815. Anaxagoras and Demokritos: The 
elements are mixed by juxtaposition. i. 24; 820. (See 
p. 241. i. 29; 326.) Anaxagoras and the Stoics: Cause 
is not evident to human reason ; for some things happen 
by necessity, and others by fate, and others by purpose, 
and others by chance, and others of their own accord. 
i. 30; 326. Anaxagoras: Origination is at the same 


time composition and separation, that is, genesis and 
destruction. 


ANAXAGORAS 255 


Aet. Plac. ii. 1; 327. The universe is one. ii. 4 ; 331. 
The universe is perishable. ii. 8; 837. Diogenes and 
Anaxagoras: After the universe arose and the animals 
were brought forth out of the earth, it tipped somehow 
of its own accord towards its south part, perhaps inten- 
tionally, in order that some parts of the universe might 
be inhabited and others uninhabited according as they 
are cold, or hot, or temperate. ii.13; 341. Anaxagoras: 
The surrounding aether is of a fiery nature, and 
catching up stones from the earth by the power of its 
rotation and setting them on fire it has made them into 
stars. 1.16; 345. Anaxagoras et al.: All the stars move 
from east to west. iil. 21; 351. Anaxagoras: The sun 
is many times as large as the Peloponnesos. ii. 23; 
352. Anaxagoras: The solstices are due to a repulsion 
of the air towards the south, for the sun compressed it 
and by condensation made it strong. ii. 25; 856. Anaxa- 
goras and Demokritos: The moon is a fiery solid body 
having in itself plains and mountains and valleys. 
ii. 29; 860. Anaxagoras, as Theophrastos says, at- 
tributed eclipses to bodies below the moon which 
sometimes come in front of it.) ii. 80; 861. Anaxa- 
goras says that the unevenness of the composition (the 
surface of the moon) is due to the mixture of earthy 
matter with cold, since the moon has some high places 
and some low hollows. And the dark stuff is mingled 
with the fiery, the result of which is the shadowy appear- 
ance; whence it is called a false-shining star. 

Aet. Plac. iii. 1; 865. Anaxagoras: The shadow of 
the earth falls along this part of the heaven (the milky 
way), when the sun is beneath the earth and does not 
shed light on all things. iii. 2; 366. Anaxagoras and 
Demokritos: (Comets etc.) are due to the conjunction of 
two or more stars, and the combination of their rays. 367. 

1 Of. Theophr. Phys. op. Frag. 19; Dow. 493. 


956 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


The so-called shooting stars come darting down from the 
aether like sparks, and so they are immediately ex- 
tinguished. iii.3; 368. Anaxagoras: When the hot falls 
on the cold (that is, aether on air), it produces thunder 
by the noise it makes, and lightning by the colour on the 
black of the cloud, and the thunderbolt by the mass and 
amount of the light, and the typhoon by the more material 
fire, and the fiery whirlwind by the fire mixed with cloud. 
ili. 4; 871. Anaxagoras: Clouds and snow are formed 
in somewhat the same manner; and hail is formed 
when, already cooled by its descent earthwards, it is thrust 
forth from frozen clouds; and it is made round. iii. 5; 
378. Anaxagoras: (The rainbow) is a reflection of the. 
sun’s brightness from thick cloud, and it is always set op-: 
posite the star which gives rise to the reflection. And in, 
a similar way he accounts for the so-called parhelia, which, 
take place along the Pontos. iii. 15; 379. Anaxagoras: 
(Earthquakes take place) when the air falls on the thick- 
ness of the earth’s surface in a sheltered place, and it 
shakes the surrounding medium and makes it tremble, 
because it is unable to effect a separation. iii. 16; 881. 
Anaxagoras: When the moisture which was at first 
gathered in pools was burned all around by the revolution 
of the sun, and the fresh water was evaporated into 
saltness and bitterness, the rest (of the sea) remained. 
Aet. Plac. iv. 1; 885. Anaxagoras: The Nile comes 
from the snow in Ethiopia which melts in summer and 
freezes in winter. iv. 3; 387. Anaxagoras et al.: The 
soul is of the natureof air. iv.5,392. The intelligence 
is gathered in the breast. The soul is imperishable. 
iv. 9; 396. Anaxagoras et al.: Sensations are decep- 
tive. 897. Sensations arise part by part according to 
the symmetry of the pores, each particular object of 
sense corresponding to a particular sense (organ). 
iv.19; 409. Anaxagoras: Sound arises when wind falls 


ANAXAGORAS 257 


on solid air, and by the return of the blow which is 
dealt to the ear; so that what is called an echo takes 
place. 

Aet. Plac. v. 7; 420. Anaxagoras, Parmenides: 
Males are conceived when seed from the right side enters 
the right side of the womb, or seed from the left side: 
the left side of the womb; but if its course is changed 
females are born. v. 19; 430. As Anaxagoras and 
Euripides say: Nothing of what is born dies, but one 
thing separated from one part and added to another 
produces different forms. v. 20; 482. Anaxagoras: 
All animals have reason that shows itself in activity, 
but they do not have a sort of intelligence that re- 
ceives impressions, which may be called the interpreter 
of intelligence. v. 25; 487. Anaxagoras: Sleep is due 
to a weariness of the body’s energy; for it is an ex- 
perience of the body, not of the soul; and death is the 
separation of the soul from the body. 

Theophr. Phys. opin. Fr. 4; Dox.479. Theophrastos 
says that the teaching of Anaxagoras is much like that 
of Anaximandros ; for Anaxagoras says that in the sepa- 
ration of the infinite, things that are akin come together, 
and whatever gold there is in the all becomes gold, and 
whatever earth becomes earth, and in like manner each 
of the other things, not as though they came into being, 
but as though they were existing before. And Anaxa- 
goras postulated intelligence (vody) as the cause of mo- 
tion and of coming into being, and when this caused 
separation worlds were produced and other objects 
sprang forth. He might seem, he says, to make the 
material causes of things taking place thus infinite, 
but the cause of motion and of coming into being 
one. But if one were to assume that the mixture of 
all things were one nature undefined in form and in 
amount, which he seems to mean, it follows that he 

SS) 


958 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


speaks of two first principles, the nature of the infinite 
and intelligence, so that he appears to treat all the 
material elements in much the same manner as Anaxi- 
mandros. 

Phys. op. Fr. 19; Dox. 498. See Aet. ii. 29; Dow. 
360, translated above, p. 255. 

Phys. opin. Fr. 28 ; Dox. 495. And the third opinion 
about the sea is that the water which filters and strains 
through the earth becomes salt because the earth has 
such flavours in it; and they point out as a proof of this 
that salt and saltpetre are dug up out of the earth, 
and there are bitter flavours at many places in the 
earth, Anaxagoras and Metrodoros came to be of this 
opinion. 

Theophr. de sens. 27; Dox. 507. Anaxagoras held 
that sensation takes place by opposite qualities ; for like 
is not affected by like. And he attempts to enumerate 
things one by one. For seeing is a reflection in the pupil, 
and objects are not reflected in the like, but in the oppo- 
site. And for many creatures there is a difference of 
colour in the daytime, and for others at night, so that 
at that time they are sharpsighted. But in general the 
night is more of the same colour as the eyes. And the 
reflection takes place in the daytime, since light is the 
cause of reflection ; but that colour which prevails the 
more is reflected in its opposite. In the same manner 
both touch and taste discern ; for what is equally warm or 
equally cold does not produce warm or cold when it ap- 
proaches its like, nor yet do men recognise sweet or 
bitter by these qualities in themselves, but they perceive 
the cold by the warm, the drinkable water by the salt, 
the sweet by the bitter, according as each quality is 
absent ; for all things are existing in us. So also smell 
and hearing take place, the one in connection with 
breathing, the other by the penetration of sound into 


ANAXAGORAS 259 


the brain ; for the surrounding bone against which the 
sound strikes is hollow. And every sensation is attended 
with pain, which would seem to follow from the funda- 
mental thesis; for every unlike thing by touching pro- 
duces distress. And this is evident both in the duration 
and in the excessive intensity of the sensations. For 
both bright colours and very loud sounds occasion 
pain, and men are not able to bear them for any long 
time. And the larger animals have the more acute 
sensations, for sensation is simply a matter of size. For 
animals that have large, pure, and bright eyes sce large 
things afar off, but of those that have small eyes the 
opposite is true. And the same holds true of hearing. 
For large ears hear large sounds afar off, smaller ones 
escape their notice, and small ears hear small sounds 
near at hand. And the same is true of smell; for the 
thin air has the stronger odour, since warm and rarefied 
air has an odour. And when a large animal breathes, it 
draws in the thick with the rarefied, but the small animal 
only the rarefied, so that large animals have a better 
sense of smell. For an odour near at hand is stronger 
than one far off, because that is thicker, and what is 
scattered is weakened. It comes about to this, large 
animals do not perceive the thin air, and small animals 
do not perceive the thick air. 

Cic. de Nat. Deor. i. 11; Dox. 582. Whence Anaxa- 
goras, who was a pupil of Anaximenes, first taught that 
the separation and character of all things were deter- 
mined and arranged by the power and reason of infinite 
mind; but in this he fails to see that no motion can be 
connected with and contiguous to infinite sensation, and 
that no sensation at all can exist, by which nature as a 
whole can feel a shock. Wherefore if he meant that 
mind is as it were some sort of living being, there will 
be something inside of it from which that living being 

s 2 


960 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


is determined. But what could be inside of mind? So 
the living being would be joined with an external body. 
But since this is not satisfactory, and mind is ‘open 
and simple,’ joined with nothing by means of which 
it can feel, he seems to go beyond the scope of our 
intelligence. 

Hipp. Phil. 8; Dox. 561. After him came Anaxa- 
goras of Klazomenae, son of Hegesiboulos. He said 
that the first principle of the all is mind and matter, 
mind the active first principle, and matter the passive. 
For when all things were together, mind entered and 
disposed them. The material first principles are infinite, 
and the smaller ones of these he calls infinite. And all 
things partake of motion when they are moved by mind 
and like things come together. And objects in the 
heavens have been ordered by their circular motion. 
The dense and the moist and the dark and the cold and 
all heavy things come together into the midst, and the 
earth consists of these when they are solidified; but the 
opposite to these, the warm, the bright, the dry, and the 
light move out beyond the aether. ‘he earth is flat in 
form, and keeps its place in the heavens because of its 
size and because there is no void ; and on this account 
the air by its strength holds up the earth, which rides 
on the air. And the sea arose from the moisture on 
the earth, both of the waters which have fallen after 
being evaporated, and of the rivers that flow down into’ 
it.! And the rivers get their substance from the clouds 
and from the waters that are in the earth. For the 
earth is hollow and has water in the hollow places. And 
the Nile increases in summer because waters flow down 
into it from snows tat the north.f ? 

Sun and moon and all the stars are fiery stones that 


* I translate the suggestion of Diels in his notes. 
* Cf. Aet. iv. 1, supra, p. 256. 


ANAXAGORAS 261 


are borne about by the revolution of the aether. And 
sun and moon and certain other bodies moving with 
them, but invisible to us, are below the stars. Men do 
not feel the warmth of the stars, because they are so far 
away from the earth; and they are not warm in the 
same way that the sun is, because they are in a colder 
region. The moon is below the sun and nearer us. The 
sun is larger than the Peloponnesos. The moon does 
not have its own light, but light from the sun. The 
revolution of the stars takes them beneath the earth. 
The moon is eclipsed when the earth goes in front of it, 
and sometimes when the bodies beneath the moon go in 
front of it ; and the sun is eclipsed when the new moon 
goes in front of it. And the solstices are occasioned 
because the sun and the moon are thrust aside by the air. 
And the moon changes its course frequently because it 
is not able to master the cold. He first determined the 
matter of the moon’s phases. He said the moon is 
made of earth and has plains and valleys in it. The 
milky way is a reflection of the light of the stars which 
do not get their light from the sun. The stars which 
move across the heavens, darting down like sparks, are 
due to the motion of the sphere. 

And winds arise when the air is rarefied by the sun, 
and when objects are set on fire and moving towards the 
sphere are borne away. Thunders and lightnings arise 
from heat striking the clouds. Earthquakes arise 
from the air above striking that which is beneath the 
earth ; for when this is set in motion, the earth which 
rides on it is tossed about by it. And animals arose in 
the first place from moisture, and afterwards one from 
another ; and males arise when the seed that is separated 
from the right side becomes attached to the right side of 
the womb, and females when the opposite is the case. 
He was in his prime in the first year of the eighty- 


262 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


eighth Olympiad, at the time when it is said Plato was 
born. They say that he became endowed with know- 
ledge of the future. 

Herm. I. G. P.6; Dox. 652. Anaxagoras takes me 
aside and instructs me as follows :—Mind is the first 
principle of all things, and it is the cause and master of 
all, and it provides arrangement for what is disarranged, 
and separation for what has been mixed, and an orderly 
universe for what was disorderly. 


APPENDIX 


THE SOURCES OF THE FRAGMENTS. 


THE value of a quotation depends on two things, (1) the habit 
of accuracy in the person who quotes it, and (2) whether it is 
quoted from the original or from some intermediate source. 
Consequently the careful student of the early Greek philo- 
sophers, who depends wholly on quotations for his direct 
knowledge of these thinkers, cannot neglect the consideration 
of these two questions. Closely connected with the accuracy 
of quotations is the question as to the accuracy of later writers 
in the opinions which they have attributed to these thinkers. 
These topics I propose to consider very briefly, that the student 
may have at least some clue to guide him in his studies. 


I. 


§1. We findin Plato! scarcely any quotations, since the literary 
character of the dialogue excludes anything that might seem 
pedantic. There are allusions to certain phrases of Herakleitos 
which had already become all but proverbs :—the Herakleitean 
.sun, the harmony of opposites, ‘all in motion’ with the 
example of the river ; and the comparison ‘god : man:: man : 
ape’ is also given as the teaching of Herakleitos.? Similarly 
phrases of Anaxagoras are brought into the dialogues—‘ all 
things were together,’ ‘ vods disposed all things,’* but they 
hardly deserve the name of quotations. Other allusions to his 


1 Cf. the consideration of this topic by Zeller in the Archiv f. d. 
Gesch. d. Philos. Bd. V. (1892) p. 165 f. 

2 See I. Index of Sources, ‘Plato.’ Cf. Krat. 401 p, 402, 412 p, 
439 z, 440 c, Theaet. 152 v. 

3 Phaed. 978, Gorg. 4650, Phaed. 72c, Legg. 5954. 


264 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


theory do not even suggest a quotation. The only real quota- 
tions are from Parmenides,! and in two of these passages the 
textas read by Simplicius was corruptand unmetrical. Simpli- 
cius quotes the same passage at one time from Plato, at another 
time apparently from the original,” so that he enables us to 
correct the form of the quotation which he (or the writer from 
whom he drew) read in his MS.of Plato. Plato’s writings 
betray no particular interestin any of the pre-Sokratic thinkers 
except Parmenides and the Pythagorean school, nor do they 
convey any hint as to the value of the work of the other early 
thinkers. So it need not surprise us that he alludes to 
popular phrases and seems rather to avoid exact quotation. 

§ 2. Beyond these allusions we get comparatively little light 
from Plato as to the teachings of his predecessors. Xeno- 
phanes is once spoken of as the founder of the Eleatic school 
and of its doctrine of unity. Parmenides is a far more inter- 
esting character to Plato, and the highest regard is expressed 
for him.* When his position as to the unity of being and the 
non-existence of not-being is discussed, there is no reason to 
think that his opinions are not correctly given; but when 
Parmenides is introduced as a speaker, we are not to believe 
that he states the opinions of the real Parmenides any more 
than the Platonic Sokrates states the positions of the real 
Sokrates. Of Zeno we learn that he was skilled in the 
art of dialectic. Zeno’s statement of the occasion and 
purpose of his book® is of course Plato’s deduction from the 
book itself. The speculations of Anaxagoras are several times 
mentioned. The statement that he regarded the heavenly 
bodies as ‘Ao.’ is a welcome addition to our knowledge of 
his doctrines ; and Plato’s criticism of Anaxagoras’ use of his 
fundamental principle is most important. Of Empedokles we 
hear but little ; the statement of his doctrine of sense-percep- 
tion is a happy exception to the rule. The aceuracy of Plato’s 
statements where they can be tested gives an added importance 


’ Parm. 52, 53 ap. Soph. 237 a, 258 p; 98 ap. Theaet. 180 £; 103- 
105 ap. Soph. 244; 132 ap. Symp. 178 zs. 
* Cf. Simpl. Phys. 7r 29, 42 and 19 87, 1. 
® Theaet. 183 2, Soph. 237 a. 
* Phaedr. 261d. 5 Parm 1288. 


° Apol. 260, Krat. 400 a, 409 a, 413 4, Legg. 967 8. 


APPENDIX 265 


to what he says about the Pythagoreans.'! In a word all the 
data which we have from Plato are valuable, but these data are 
much fewer than we might expect. , 

§ 3. Both the citations from earlier philosophers and the 
statement of their opinions are much more frequent in the 
writings of Aristotle. Two of his references to the sayings of 
Herakleitos are not new to the reader of Plato ; indeed Fr. 41 
ap. Meta. 1010a 13is cited with direct reference to the passage 
where it is cited in Plato. Fr. 37, if we may accept the con- 
jecture of Patin,? is a sarcastic phrase of Herakleitos which 
Aristotle has introduced seriously into a theory of sense-per- 
ception. Fr. 46 and 57 are summary phrases stating the 
fundamental positions of Herakleitos ; Fr.51 and 55 proverbial 
sayings attributed to him; Fr. 59 alone has the form of a 
genuine quotation.? It is evident that summary phrases give 
the philosopher’s impression, just as proverbial sayings may 
come through the medium of popular thought, so that neither 
have quite the value of direct quotation. 

From Xenophanes Aristotle gives two mots, which were 
attributed naturally enough to the poet-skeptic. There is no 
proof that Xenophanes was the original author of either of them. 

From Parmenides four passages are quoted; strangely 
enough three of them are passages that had been quoted by 
Plato. Lines 52-58 in our texts of Aristotle repeat the same 
error that appears in our texts of Plato; ll. 103-105 are not 
so near to what seems to be the original (judged by the quota- 
tion in Simplicius) as is the Platonic version. Unless our 
MSS. are greatly at fault, two of the four passages were very 
carelessly reproduced, and we have reason to believe that they 
were drawn from Plato. The fourth passage, given by Aris- 
totle and Theophrastos, has the appearance of careful 
quotation, though one verb has an unmetrical form in our - 
Aristotle (where Theophrastos gives a correct form). Aristotle 
does not quote directly from either Zeno or Melissos. 

Coming now to Empedokles, we find two extended passages 

which can only be regarded as genuine quotations, namely 


1 See supra, p. 133 f.; also Phileb. 16 c, 23 c, Pol. 530 v, 600 a. 
2 Die Eimheitslehre Heraklits, p. 17. , 
% See I. Index of Sources, under ‘ Aristotle.’ 


966 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


ll. 287-811 and 816-825. On the other hand several phrases 
(ll. 208, 826, 448) give only a general idea of the language of 
Empedokles. Most of the quotations consist of from one to 
four lines preserving their metrical form, so that they deserve 
the name of quotations; but their accuracy is doubtful in 
matters of detail. This is most clearly seen by an examination 
of the ten cases where the same passage is quoted twice by 
Aristotle, namely : lines 86-39, 104-107, 146-148, 167, 208, 
244, 270-271, 830-832, 388-335. In only three of these 
instances (88-39, 270-271, 333-335) is the quotation identi- 
cal; in the other cases there is some slight difference in the 
text, although commonly both versions scan correctly. An 
examination of the lines quoted only once in Aristotle shows 
very frequent deviation from the same lines as quoted by others. 
In two instances a line is omitted from the context (37 and 99); 
a case is changed, a connecting particle changed or omitted 
entirely, a common word is substituted for a rarer one (236-237) 
or an Aristotelian word for the word required by the full context 
(e.g. Meta. 10152 1), or finally only the substance of the line is 
given (e.g. lines 91, 92). These variations are so numerous as 
to justify the conclusion that the text furnished by Simplicius 
or by Sextus Empiricus deserves quite as much weight as 
that furnished by Aristotle, since the latter cares only for the 
thought and not at all for the exact language in which the 
thought had been clothed. 

§ 4. In addition to these quotations we find in the writings 
of Aristotle a comparatively full statement of the opinions of 
the pre-Sokratic philosophers. Aristotle was interested in the 
work of his predecessors, since he rightly regarded his own 
system as the crowning result of partial views that had been 
set forth before. All that is valuable in their work he would 
give its place in his own philosophy, and their false or partial 
opinions he would controvert. Accordingly his ordinary 
method is to commence the discussion of a theme by stating 
.the opinions of his predecessors and criticising them; and it 
is natural that the early thinkers who first set forth charac- 
teristic views with force and vigour should receive the fullest 
consideration, for indeed this position is still due to them in 
the history of philosophy. 


APPENDIX 267 


Inasmuch as Aristotle set the fashion for later philosophic 
writers in collecting and criticising the opinions of earlier 
thinkers, it is important to form a clear conception of both the 
excellence and the defects of his method. 

On a first examination of his statements of these opinions 
the student is struck by their fullness and comparative 
accuracy. Emminger! has collected and discussed these 
data, and arrives at the conclusion in every instance that 
Aristotle’s statement is based on a use of the best materials 
at his command, and that it reproduces correctly the view of 
the philosopher in question. It is true that Emminger takes 
the position of an apologist. There is no doubt, however, 
that Aristotle was very familiar with the poems of Empedokles, 
the arguments of Zeno, the system of the Pythagoreans ; when 
he cannot verify his opinions, as in the case of Thales, they 
are commonly introduced with a A€éyera: of caution ; and where 
the views of earlier thinkers seem to be distorted, it is generally 
due to one of several simple causes which we can estimate 
with considerable accuracy. 

My own conclusion is that the data given by Aristotle are 
of the greatest value for the study of his predecessors, though 
they are to be used with caution. 

Turning to the defects of the Aristotelian method, I would 
point out that there is apparently no little difference in the 
care with which Aristotle had studied the writings of his 
predecessors. His general attitude towards the Eleatic school 
is well known, and there is no evidence that he was really 
familiar with the works of Xenophanes or Parmenides or 
Melissos. The fact that three of the four quotations from 
Parmenides were at least suggested by Plato’s writings should 
not receive undue weight, yet it is certainly suggestive. 
Several sayings are quoted from Herakleitos, and his logic is 
severely criticised ; we do not, however, obtain from Aristotle 
any conception of the real importance of Herakleitos. In 
fact, Aristotle does not seem at all to have understood the 

‘meaning of Herakleitos’ work, whether we are to attribute it 
to his inability to put himself in sympathy with so different a 


1 Emminger, Die vorsokratische Philosophie der Griechen nach den 
Berichten des Aristoteles. Wiirzburg 1878. 


268 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


thinker, or to his failure to study his writings. If we had 
only the data’from Aristotle, we should really know more 
of the significant work of Anaximandros than of Herakleitos. 

The conception of the earlier Greek thinkers which we 
obtain from Aristotle’s writings is distorted along four lines. 

1. Whether or notit was due to his failure to study certain 
of these thinkers, Aristotle’s comparative estimate of them 
is not one with which we can agree. As for Herakleitos, we 
can say that Aristotle assigns him a very important place in 
early thought, even though he gives us but little clue to what 
his work really was. Perhaps he overestimates the work of 
Anaximandros and Anaximenes because he finds in them so 
clear an anticipation of his own thought. Certainly he does 
not give due weight to the Eleatic school as a whole, and in 
particular to Melissos. Melissos was not a great original 
thinker along entirely new lines, but his work in systematising 
Kleatic thought was very important. Perhaps because he 
resembled Aristotle in what he sought to do, although from so 
very different premisses, he is handled with the greater disdain. 

2. We may get from Aristotle a slightly distorted view of 
the earlier thinkers because he stated their views in the terms 
. of his own philosophic system. The commonest philosophical 
terms, such as azreipoy, &v, pots, KEVOV, TH OVTA, TTOLXELOV, TOMA, 
ovcia, aby, slightly changed tl their meanings as they gradually 
took their place in a definite philosophical terminology. dpxy is 
regularly used by Aristotle to denote the original principle of 
all things which the early thinkers sought, «ios is used in 
the statement of Herakleitos’ position ! and of the Pythagorean 
philosophy ®: the latter a word introduced into philosophy by 
Plato, the former probably not used in this sense before Aris- 
totle himself. 

3. This tendency, however, is not limited to the use of 
philosophical terms. Aristotle states the general position of 
earlier thinkers from the standpoint of his own developed 
system. The arguments of Zeno and Melissos are thrown 
into logical form that he may the better criticise them. 
Herakleitean teachings also are stated in Aristotelian logic, 
and thereby lose the truth they might have had. Aristotle 


? Meta. 1078 b 12. 2 Meta. 1036 b 18. 


APPENDIX 969 


finds his own theory of indeterminate potential matter in 
Anaximandros, and it is no easy task to discern what is due 
to Aristotle and what to Anaximandros in the Aristotelian 
account. Again in the case of Parmenides we may well 
question the statement ! that his two principles were heat=fire 
=being, and cold=earth=not-being. $ 

4. Finally Aristotle may be said to give a false impression 
of his predecessors when he assigns the probable causes for 
their opinions. Cf. Meta. 988 b 18, supra p. 2; Phys. 204 b 26, 
supra p. 10 ‘in order that other things may not be blotted 
out by the infinite ;’ de anima 405 a 25, supra p. 58. 

The mere statement of these lines, along which Aristotle 
may be said slightly to distort the views of his predecessors, 
is sufficient to put the reader on his guard; and it is com- 
paratively easy to make allowance for them. 

§ 5. The fragments of Theophrastos that remain are suffi- 
cient only to show that he studied the work of the pre-Sokratic 
thinkers even more carefully than Aristotle; to make any 
exact inferences as to his method of making quotations, how- 
ever, is impossible on the basis of these fragments. Four of 
his quotations are also cited by Aristotle,? and it is interesting 
to notice that in the second and the fourth of this list Theo- 
phrastos gives a text that is probably more correct than that 
found in our MSS. of Aristotle. The remaining quotations 
found in Theophrastos* show a familiarity only with Empe- 
dokles. Only one of these scans correctly, and that by the 
change of one word, which probably was erroneously copied. 
Ll]. 191-19% have lost some words, and Il. 423-424 are quite 
rewritten in prose. Apparently Theophrastos was even more 
careless of the form of his quotations than Aristotle, though 
he knows the early thinkers at first hand and can correct 
Aristotle's quotations. The statement of the opinions of 
these thinkers by Theophrastos will be considered later in 
connection with the doxographic tradition. 

§ 6. From the time of Aristotle to Plutarch we know com- 
paratively little of the works of the early philosophers, or of 
the habit of quoting from them. There is abundant evidence, 


‘ . 987 a 1. 
* maak 46; Parm. 146-149 ; Emped. 182-183, 219. 


’ Herakl. 84; Emped. 191-192, 314-315, 336-337, 423-424, 


270 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


however, that they were studied ; the positions and sayings of 
Herakleitos especially seem to have attracted much attention. 
The works extant under the name of Hippokrates are 
attributed by some writers to a period even before Aristotle. 
In these works there are allusions to the positions of Empe- 
dokles and Anaxagoras, and Book I of the treatise epi dvairijs 
contains much Herakleitean material. There is scarcely one 
direct quotation (cf. Fr. 60), and Bernays cannot be said to be 
successful in reconstructing phrases of Herakleitos from this 
source. The book, however, is a comparatively early witness 
to the work of Herakleitos, and doubly important because it 
is independent of that Stoic study to which is due most of our 
knowledge of him. 

§ 7. More than the other schools that succeeded Aristotle 
the Stoics devoted themselves to the history of philosophy, 
and they were interested in Herakleitos for the same reason 
that Aristotle had been interested in Anaximandros, because 
they regarded him as a precursor in their own line of thought. 
Herakleitean phrases occur already in the hymn of Kleanthes 
to Zeus, thus showing that they had already been adopted into 
the Stoic phraseology.! Philodemos (vii. 81) quotes Chrys- 
ippos also as giving a quotation from Herakleitos. 

It is only from later writers, however, that we can ascer- 
tain how much Herakleitos was studied in this period. Ap- 
parently collections were made of his sayings, which soon 
displaced the more complete form of his writings. Indeed, it 
is hard to prove that his book existed at all in later times, 
although Sextus Empiricus quotes a passage of some 
length which is considered to be the beginning of the work. 
Further, the works of at least some Stoic writers must 
have abounded in quotations from Herakleitos. In the 
writings of Philo there are numerous allusions to sayings of 
Herakleitos; and the Stoic context, the connection with Stoic 
ethics, as well as Philo’s general interest in the Stoic school, 
make it probable that he finds his Herakleitos in his Stoic 
sources. But while Philo is thus an important witness to the 
study of Herakleitos among the Stoics, he is of little value in 
reconstructing the text of the Ephesian philosopher. The 


1 See Index of Sources under ‘ Kleanthes.’ 


APPENDIX 271 


carelessness of his method of quotation is shown by the form in 
which he gives three lines of Empedokles (48-49, 386). To 
seven fragments of Herakleitos (1, 22, 24, 46, 56, 64, 70) 
Philo makes a mere allusion; in another series of instances 
(10, 67, 69, 79, 80, 82) a phrase, often a single word, of 
Herakleitos is worked into the context. Fr. 68 and 85 are 
quoted very carelessly, and 76 and 89 have assumed a form 
very different from that which they originally had.- Com- 
monly the name of the author (Herakleitos) is not given. 

Cicero quotes Herakleitos 113 in Greek without the author's 
name, and translates 114 carefully; Bywater, p. x, suggests 
that he found the latter in somebody’s de exilio commentatio. 
Returning to the Stoic school, we find in Seneca an accurate 
translation of Herakleitos 77 and 81, so that we are inclined 
to trust his version of 120. What seems to be Herakleitos 113, 
however, is assigned to Demokritos in an expanded form. 
The epistles attributed to Herakleitos belong to approximately 
this period, and are interesting only as additicnal evidence to 
the study of Herakleitos by Stoic philosophers. Stobaeos 
quotes several Herakleitean phrases from Musonius. Fr. 20 
and 69 are given only in substance, a phrase from 114 is 
worked into the context, and 75 is quoted in a later form. 
Fr. 75 as well as 27 and 67 is found in the second and 
third books of Clement’s Paedagogos, books which draw largely 
from Musonius. The use of Herakleitean material by Lucian, 
especially in his Vitarwm auctio, ch. xiv., is doubtless based 
on a Stoic source, as is indicated by the work éxzipwors. 
We may conclude this survey of Stoic writers with Mareus 
Aurelius. In his writings we find bare allusion to Herakleitos 
2, 5, 20, 78, and perhaps to 97; a word or two of 84, 84, and 
98 are worked into the text; while 25, 69, 90, 93, 94 are 
half quoted in the text. Apparently all are allusions to, or 
abbreviated citations of, sentences with which the reader was 
supposed to be familiar. It is wholly improbable that citations 
made in this manner were drawn from the book itself ; rather 
they seem to point toa collection of ‘ sayings’ of Herakleitos 
which must have been quite generally known. Unless such 
a collection-is assumed, they must be regarded as phrases 
which were familiar to all because they were so often quoted. 
The former hypothesis seems to me the more tenable. 


972. THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


§ 8. We find in Plutarch one of the principal sources of 
our fragments. Nearly fifty fragments of Herakleitos are 
quoted more or less fully in his writings. Many of these 
quotations consist of a single phrase containing perhaps only 
a word or two of the original writer, so that they are not of 
much value for purposes of reconstruction. Sometimes the 
citation is given in Plutarch’s own words ;' sometimes there 
is only a careless allusion, as to Fr. 41, 48, and 120. Even 
when we seem to have a real quotation, it may be expanded, 
as in the case of Fr. 108 ap. Moral. 148 p compared with Moral. 
644 F, or Fr. 31 ap. Moral. 98D as compared with Moral. 957. 
So I am inclined to regard Fr. 11, 22, and 44 as having been 
expanded by Plutarch. We cannot therefore place much 
reliance on the form of Plutarch’s quotations from Herakleitos. 
As to the source of these quotations we should notice that 
two of them (Fr. 41 and 45) had been mentioned by Plato, 
and others (88, 41, 48, and 105) by Aristotle; it is probable 
that Plutarch quotes these because they were familiar to the 
readers of Plato and Aristotle. Fr. 20, 22, 24, 25, 34, 44, 75, 
and 85 occur in Stoic writers, and Plutarch himself refers 91 
to the Stoics. Fr. 45-56 are made Stoic in Plutarch by the 
addition of the word kécpov (defining épyovin) which does not 
appear e.g. in Plato; and Fr. 19, 20, 74, 75, and 87 have a 
decided Stoic colouring. Thus we may suspect that about 
half the quotations from Herakleitos were drawn from Stoic 
sources. On the other hand 78 with its context seems to be 
based on a considerable passage of Herakleitos, and 11, 12, 
and 127 have the appearance of careful quotation. 

Plutarch’s method in handling quotations from philoso- 
phers who wrote in poetry is more satisfactory. It is only 
rarely that the thought is put in his own words,” or that the 
quotation consists of less than a full line. Sometimes lines 
are grouped which do not belong together, as ap. Moral. 607c 
and 6188. In some instances the text itself seems to be at 
fault.* In general, however, the poetic form protected such 
quotations from change, and the poetic form was naturally 


1 E.g. 78 ap. Moral. 1068; 95 ap. 166.c¢. 

2 Hi.g. Emped. 272 ap. Moral. 917.0; 369 ap. Moral. 996 8. 

’ Emped. 232 ap. Moral. 745.0; 154-155 ap. Moral. 925 B; 
Parmen. 29-30 ap. Moral. 1114p. 


APPENDIX 3 273 


retained in quotations for the purpose of embellishment. I 
may add that Plutarch rarely neglects to give the name of the 
author from whom he quotes. As to the source of these poetic 
quotations, we cannot doubt that Plutarch sometimes quotes 
Empedokles from the original. A literary man could hardly 
fail to be acquainted with his poems, and it is by no means 
likely that the quotations Moral. 607c, 1111 ¥, 1118 are taken 
from an intermediate source. Five of the quotations from Par- 
menides, on the other hand; were not new to the readers of 
Plato and Aristotle, and the two remaining ones, together 
with some of the lines from Empedokles, as I have tried to 
show elsewhere,! were probably drawn from a collection of 
passages on the moon. There is no evidence that Plutarch 
knew Parmenides at first hand. Many passages of Empedo- 
kles also had become common property in the time of Plutarch, 
and in some instances Plutarch no doubt found collections of 
quotations suitable for his purpose, so that wecannot attribute 
all the single lines quoted from Empedokles to Plutarch’s own 
study of his poems. 

§ 9. Judged by the Herakleitos fragments which they yield, 
the works of Clement and Hippolytos are hardly seeond in 
importance to Plutarch for the student of early Greek philo- 
sophy. Inthe Protreptikos of Clement there is an interesting 
series of passages from Herakleitos on popular worship ; in the 
Paedagogos and the first and fourth books of the Stromata 
there are scattered quotations most of which bear clear marks 
of their secondary origin; book II contains several quotations 
from the introduction to Herakleitos’ works ; while the third 
and fifth booksof the Stromata containa much larger collection 
of passages from Herakleitos, Xenophanes, Parmenides, and 
Empedokles. A casual glance at the whole series of quotations 
shows that Clement’s method was by no means uniform, and 
that he was often contented with a secondary source for his 
quotations, not taking the trouble to look them up in the 
original. In the first book of the Siromata the first quotation 
from Herakleitos is a proverb familiar in Greek literature, the 
second passage a bare allusion to a sentence quoted by Plu- 
tarch, and the two remaining ones refer to two quotations also 


1 Transactions of American Philol. Assoc. XXVIII. pp. 82-83. 
Hy 


274 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


given by Diogenes. That Clement used the Bio. which were 
the basis of the work of Diogenes: Laertios is probable from 
his quotation of Parmenides 28-30 and Empedokles 26-28, 
383-884. It is also highly probable that Clement found much 
of his material in Stoic sources. It is generally agreed that in 
Paedagogos ii. and iii. he freely used Musonius. Hera. 122 ap. 
Clement 188 ‘ what men do not expect at death’ is interpreted 
by Clement as referring to Stoic fire, and Clement 649 (Hera. 
123) also attributes to Herakleitos and the Stoics an idea be- 
longing to the latter only. Hera. 77 is alluded to by Seneca as 
familiar to his Stoic readers, and other fragments cited by 
Clement were apparently found by Philo in his Stoic sources. 
Hera. 69 ap. Clement 718 looks like another form of Hera. 19 
which Plutarch quotes from a Stoic source, and perhaps we may 
regard 20 also as from the Stoic source from which Plutarch 
drew. Hera. 31 ap. Clement 87 includes an added phrase (as to 
the stars) which appears also in one of the two passages in Plu- 
tarch where itis quoted. One of the lines of Parmenides and six 
of the single lines of Empedokles given by Clement are also 
found in Plutarch. Consequently I regard it as not impro- 
bable that Clement drew quotations from Plutarch, and as all 
but certain that he drew from the Stoic sources of Plutarch. 
The wrong interpretation of Hera. 116 (ap. Clement 699), 122 
(ap. 18), 67 (ap. 251), 79 (ap. 111), and perhaps 27 (ap. 229) 
is additional proof that Clement was entirely unfamiliar with 
the context in which these passages originally stood, and 
therefore probably did not draw from the original. While we 
are quite unable to trust Clement’s interpretation of his quota- 
tions, it should be remarked that he is exceedingly careful to give 
the correct form (e.g. Hera. 101 ap. Clement 586 as compared 
with the same fragment in Hippolytos; in this quotation he 
gives the dialect forms with his usual fidelity). 

It remains to consider several series of passages, and to ask 
whether these were quoted at first hand. Inthe Protreptikos 
we find Herakleitos fragments 122, 124, 125 together, and a 
little farther on 126-127 (cf. 122 ap. Clement 680, and 123 
- ap. 649) on the topic of popular worship. These are clearly 
quoted irom a connected passage, and not phrases that have 
been passed on as proverbs. Moreover 124-127 are somewhat 


APPENDIX 275 


closely connected with each other (perhaps 122 belongs with 
them). It is evident that Clement (or possibly the immediate 
source ‘of Clement) drew them from a somewhat extended 
passage in the original. Another series of passages from 
Herakleitos and Empedokles (ap. Clement 516 and 520) are 
quoted as illustrating the misery of human life. They oecur 
together in a long series of quotations on this topic, and at 
least one line, Empedokles 404, is not quite pertinent ; its 
lack of fitness in this connection may mean that Clement is 
‘adapting a collection of passages made (wholly or in part) by 
another hand for a slightly different purpose. Again, a con- 
siderable number of fragments, especially in books ii. and v. of 
the Stromata, are pithy proverbial statements of the funda- 
mental attitude of Herakleitos toward other men (cf. Herakl. 
5-8, 104, 2-3, 49, 111b with its addition from Demosthenes 
de corona p. 824). These are all marked by their proverbial 
form, and are many of them quoted by other writers. It is 
most natural to think that they were drawn from a collection 
of Herakleitean sayings such as is presupposed by the allusions 
of Marcus Aurelius and perhaps by the parody of Lucian. 

As to the poetic citations in the fifth book of the Stromata 
it seems to me wholly likely that the verses of Xenophanes, 
and Parmenides 138-189, are quoted from the original poems. 
Empedokles lines 74 and 165 are repeated as proverbs; lines 
88, 74, 104 (quoted with Herakleitos 68) are often-quoted 

_verses on the favourite topic of the elements ; lines 342-343 are 
quoted with Herakleitos 49, lines 16-17 with Parmenides 28-30 
and Herakleitos 111, and it is quite probable that Clement 
found the topical groups of quotations ready to his hand. 
Empedokles 26f., 55f., 81, 180f., are all introductory lines, 
and these too may have been collected by some earlier writer. 
We may conclude, then, that many of the citations in Clement 
were not taken from the original works, but that some may 
have been; the most important fact is that Clement tran- 
scribes his quotations with great faithfulness. be 

§ 10, The citations given in the works of Sextus Empiricus 
are important because they are in a measure independent of 
the Stoic line of tradition ; we may even say with confidence 
that some of them are cited from the original works. For 

T 2 


276 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


Herakleitos there is only one important series of fragments, 
namely that found in adv. Math.vii. $$ 126-134. Fragments 
52 and 54 of Herakleitos are indeed mentioned in a series of 
epigrams with no name attached to them (Pyrrh.i. 55), anda 
little later (Pyrrh. iii. 115 and 280) there is an allusion to the 
well-known Fr. 42 and a statement of Herakleitos’ opinion as 
to life and death (cf. Fr.78). The discussion adv. Math. vii. 
§§ 126-134 is a statement of the doctrine of sense-perception 
which Sextus attributes to Herakleitos. Diels has given good 
reasons (Dox. 209-211) for believing that this passage is 
based on Aenesidemus,'a skeptic philosopher with strong 
Herakleitean leanings of the first century s.c. In it are 
contained the full form of Fr. 2 (cited in part by other writers) 
and Fr, 4 and 92 (with comment based on a longer passage) ; 
there is also a phrase reminding the reader of Fr.77 in § 130. 
This is the fullest extant material for reconstructing the 
introduction to Herakleitos’ book, and was evidently based on 
the text of Herakleitos. While it is cited quite accurately, it 
is probable that Sextus took the citation from the same source 
as the rest of the discussion ; still, when we remember Sextus’ 
fondness for citing proemiums, we cannot say definitely that 
he did not take it himself from the work of Herakleitos. 
Xenophanes is cited in passages varying in length from 
one to four lines. Most of these passages are not known from 
other writers or known only from late Homeric commentators. 
- Where the same passage is cited twice, there is no variation 
except in the arrangement of the lines. Fr. vii. is given in 
part twice—once lines 8-4, and again lines 1, 2, and 4 (see 
supra p. 66).—From Parmenides (in addition to the line 182 
given by Plato and Aristotle) Sextus gives the proemium of 
his work. Although earlier editors have extensively re- 
arranged this passage, I believe it is substantially correct in 
Sextus, and I see no reason to doubt that it was taken from 
the work itself. The citation of other lines before 53 by 
Plato and by Simplicius confirms the suspicion, however, that 
Sextus had omitted something at this point. From Empedo- 
les’ main philosophical work Sextus gives a portion of the 
procemium (lines 2-23), as well as four lines from the intro- 
duction to the xafdpyara, It is reasonable to believe that 


APPENDIX 277 


these lines with 428-435 were cited from the original poem ; 
the only errors are copyists’ blunders. Sextus also cites 
Empedokles 83-35 and 78-80. These are much copied lines, 
and the form in Sextus includes some obvious errors, e.g. dnp 
for aifyp (I. 78) and ¢iAria for dAdrys (1. 80), (cf. #rov 1. 79)— 
errors which very likely were found in the source from which 
Sextus drew the lines! We may conclude that Sextus cited 
sometimes from the original, sometimes at second hand; and 
that his citations reproduce his source accurately except that 
he sometimes omits verses from their connection. 

§ 11. The quotations in the Refutatio omnium heresium, 
which is now attributed to Hippolytos, include some that are 
very accurate and others of which the text is hopeless, an 
anomaly that is very difficult to explain. In the fifth book 
one phrase reminds the reader of Herakleitos 71, while Hera- 
kleitos 68a is quoted with the authcr’s name, and 101 without 
it. In the sixth book there is an allusion to two forms of 
fire (Hera. 21), and Herakleitos 29 combined with 95 is quoted 
under the name of Pythagoras. Most of the quotations from 
Herakleitos, however, are closely grouped in ix. ch. 9-10. Some 
of these are phrases familiar in earlier writers (e.g. Hera. 3, 47, 
and 69); 2, 44, 45, and 35 are passages of some length which 
Hippolytos gives in accurate form; 24 is accompanied by a 
Stoic explanation, and probably the phraseology of 28 and 36 
is Stoic ; in most of the citations in this group the text is very 
carefully given, even to the connecting particles, but besides 
the fragments in Stoic form just mentioned, the text of 123 is 
corrupted beyond possibility of restoration, and 58 is almost as 
bad. These fragments are consistently interpreted as antici- 
pating the views of a Christian sect, and it is possible that the 
xotvée of 26 is due to this influence rather than to the Stoics. 
Bywater (p. ix) suggests that Hippolytos drew his quotations 
directly from the work of Herakleitos ; but it is not easy to 
regard the difference in accuracy as wholly a difference in the 
accuracy of one man’s copying. 

The quotations from Empedokles, as indeed from other 
poets, show that Hippolytos was often very careless. The 


1 Simplicius copies the same error in line 78, probably finding it in 
his copy of Empedokles. 


278 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


omission of a word (e.g. lines 334, 885 ap. Hipp. 165, 1. 34 ap. 
246) is too common to be attributed wholly to the carelessness 
of copyists, nor would the rest of the text of Hippolytos 
justify this supposition. Lines 33-35 are quoted twice (p. 246 
and p. 813), and the last line differs in the two cases; 
such a change as from réyya to odvde (p. 818) is not one 
that a copyist would be very likely to make. On the other 
hand, it is hardly conceivable that the errors in Il. 110 f. ap. 
p- 247, 222 f. ap. p. 251, 838 f. ap. p. 254 existed in any text 
that Hippolytos copied. The only possible explanation for 
this phenomenon is that sometimes Hippolytos quoted from 
memory, paying no attention either to metre or to phraseology, 
and sometimes (as in his quotations from Herakleitos gene- 
rally) from either the original or a source that was very close 
to the original. Since so many of the Empedoklean passages 
are not cited by any other writer, we may suppose that 
Hippolytos drew them from the original. 

§ 12. Of the quotations in Diogenes Laertios from Hera- 
kleitos, Bywater says (p.x): ‘Laertium . . . libro pervetusto 
usum esse nemo jam adfirmaverit.’ We do find four sentences 
of some length from Herakleitos, the genuineness of which is 
not questioned (Fr. 16, 17, 112, 114); it is noticeable that 
these fragments, together with the allusions to Fr. 38 and 
119, all refer to particular men, and so possessed a special 
interest for the biographical writers, who were Diogenes’ main 
source. Three other fragments of more than two words are 
given by Diogenes (71, 100, and 103), and these are not 
found in any other Greek writer. The remaining fragments 
consist of only one or two words (22, 48, 62, 69, 80, 113), or 
are now regarded as spurious (131, 132), There is no reason 
to think that the fragments of Herakleitos contained in this 
work are not copied with reasonable accuracy; on the other 
hand, we may assume from what we know of Diogenes’ 
method of work that they were not drawn directly from the 
writings of Herakleitos. 

Diogenes quotes Xenophanes xiv. 1-2, and Empedokles 
1. 6, in a series of passages on skepticism, Xen. xviii. in a 
series on Pythagoreanism; Fr. xxiv., the only one not found 
elsewhere, relates to the life of Xenophanes. From Parmenides 


APPENDIX 279 


are quoted lines 28-30 and 54-56. The last passage does 
not really illustrate the point for which it is quoted (the 
senses inexact), and our text of Diogenes contains two 
blunders from some copyist. Portions of the proewmium of 
Empedokles’ main work on philosophy ( 1, 24-82, ap. viii. 60 
and 59) are mentioned in connection with the name of Satyros. 
It is pretty clear (ap. viii. 62) that a ‘ Herakleitos’ is the source 
from which lines 352-363 are taken; if so, the statement 
vill. 54 that thisis the beginning of the xafdppara comes from 
the same writer. Lines 384-885 are quoted much in the form 
in which they appear in Athenaeos, though with one copyist’s 
error; from the same work of Empedokles we have also lines 
355, 415, 417 in passages where Diogenes had just mentioned 
Timaeos. The familiar lines 35 and 67-68 are found here— 
line 85 in a very confused form. In general these lines from 
poetic writers show numerous small errors, which may be due 
to the state of our manuscripts. Both the fragments from 
Herakleitos and those in poetic form are of great value, 
though we are in the dark as to their immediate source. 

§ 13. The works of neo-Platonic writers frequently mention 
the earlier philosophers, but yield few fragments of value. 
Plotinos refers to ten fragments of Herakleitos. Four of 
these (80, 82, 83, 85) have the form of quotations, and in 
two instances the name of Herakleitos is mentioned; they 
are, however, very short, and give no clue to their source. 
Sometimes Plotinos plays on words that were evidently known 
as Herakleitean, e.g. Fr. (472), 54, 69, 80; or again an 
Herakleitean idea is stated in his own words, Fr. 82, 83, 99, 
130. The manner in which these quotations and allusions 
are made shows that the phrases were very familiar, either in 
earlier writers or possibly in some collection of sayings. 
Line 81 b of Parmenides is quoted with no name; line 40b 
is quoted with the author’s name, and is followed by an 
account of the context which shows that it was drawn from a 
passage of some length. From Empedokles we find only two 
phrases, taken from lines 381 and 882, that are worked into 
the text of Plotinos. ‘ 

Porphyry quotes from Herakleitos only familiar phrases, 
and these in the briefest form (74 ap. de anir. nym. xi. and 


280 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


72 ap. de antr. nym. x.). The phrases were so familiar that 
it was only necessary to suggest the idea (e.g. 56 ap. de antr. 
nym. xxix.) without mentioning the name of the philosopher. 
Parmenides is not so wellknown; Greeks and Egyptians, we 
read, say that he mentioned the two gates in his Physika (de 
antr.nym.xxiii.). Only the ca6dppara of Empedokles is quoted, 
but here Porphyry knows the subjects treated in the work (de 
abst. II. xxi.), and sometimes the full context of the passage 
he quotes (e.g. de antr. nym. viii.). In the case of lines 
415-420 we are not sure that Porphyry was right in applying 
the verses to Parmenides; still, the quotations would seem 
to be taken directly from the xafdppyara and copied with fair 
accuracy. » 

Jamblichos draws a few quotations from his predecessors 
in the neo-Platonic school (Empedokles, lines 415-420 from 
Porphyry; and Herakleitos, Fr. 69, 82, 83 from Plotinos, if 
Stobaeos is correct in attributing this group of fragments to 
Tamblichos). Most of the allusions to fragments of Hera- 
kleitos, however, cannot be traced to this source. The com- 
bination of Herakleitos 29 and 95, which Hippolytos had 
attributed to Pythagoras, Iamblichos also attributes to the 
same thinker; his language, however, differs in detail from 
that used by Hippolytos. Two words of Herakleitos 114 
(which had been cited by the Stoics and by Diogenes) are 
given, with the additional statement that Herakleitos gave 
laws to the Ephesians. Bywater’s number 128 is an allusion 
probably including a single word from Herakleitos, as does 
129 also. Two words each from Fr. 11 and 12 (both found 
in Plutarch) are worked into the text of Iamblichos—in the 
former instance with the name of Herakleitos. Finally 105, 
which also appears in Plutarch, is given here in more accurate 
form. These references to Herakleitos, like those of the 
earlier neo-Platonists, are all made to fragments assumed to 
be familiar because they had been quoted often by earlier 
writers. 

The writings of his predecessors in this same school are 

frequently mentioned by Proklos, but his quotations from pre- 
Sokratic thinkers seem not to be derived from them. In the 
commentary on Parmenides several scattered lines are quoted 


APPENDIX 281 


from the works of the original Parmenides. The quotations 
are very brief; they include in all only parts of six or seven 
lines, and sometimes these are cited more than once. It is 
therefore quite unlikely that Proklos drew them directly 
from the poem of Parmenides. In his commentary on the 
Timaeos Proklos uses the form of quotation from Herakleitos 
six times (alluding to Fr. 16, 82, 44, 68, 79, 80), but only 32 
and 44 can be called quotations, while even these are very 
brief. On p. 1068 we find part of what Diogenes gives in 
connection with Fragment 80, but no part of 80 itself; 79 was 
cited by the early Christian writers, and Proklos interpreted 
it in the same manner that they had done; 68 also had been 
paraphrased in the source from which Proklos drew it. So 
far as Herakleitos is concerned, we see how far from their 
origin the tradition of the fragments had gone, but we get no 
new light on their original form. 

A few lines of Parmenides we know only from Proklos. 
Verses 29-30 had been given by Diogenes and Clement, but 
some of the verses 83-40 are new. In these instances, as is 
usually the case with the quotations in Proklos, the text of 
the quotations is in a condition almost hopeless. Indeed, at 
p. 160 D a line and a half of Parmenides are filled out with 
half a line from Empedokles under the name of the former 
writer. From Empedokles only single lines (once two lines 
together) are given, and they aid but little in the reconstruc- 
tion of the text. Proklos, like Plutarch, is very careful to 
cite the name of his authorities ; but the text of the quota- 
tions is so carelessly reproduced that they are of little value. 

§ 14. The commentators on Aristotle early began to illus- 
trate his statements about earlier thinkers by passages copied 
from their works. Alexander of Aphrodisias and Joh. 
Philoponos seldom add fragments not contained in the works 
of Aristotle himself; but Simplicius copies long extracts, so 
that, except for Herakleitos, his commentaries are the most 
important source for our knowledge of the writings of the 
pre-Sokratic philosophers. There can be no doubt that most 
of these quotations—at least in his commentary on the 
Physics of Aristotle—were drawn from the original works. 
The most careful scrutiny of the passages from Zeno, Melissos, 


282 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


and Anaxagoras fails to reveal any reason for questioning 
their character as genuine quotations, except in the case of 
some of the fragments of Melissos. Pabst (and independently 
Burnet) has shown that the so-called Fragments 1-5 of 
Melissos, though given in the form of quotations, are 
in reality an epitome covering more briefly the same 
ground that is covered by the following fragments, and 
adding almost nothing to our knowledge of Melissos. It 
is wholly unlikely that Simplicius made this epitome him- 
self, for that would be at variance with his ordinary method 
of work, and with his custom later in dealing with Melissos. 
So we are driven to assume either that he drew them from 
some epitome of Melissos to which he had access, or, what 
seems to me more probable, that he copied them from an 
earlier commentator, whose habit it was to condense his 
quotations rather than to copy them at full length. If now 
we examine the quotations in Simplicius’ commentary on the 
de caelo (Melissos Fr. 17 and numerous lines from Parmenides 
and Empedokles), it is noticeable that a considerable number 
of them occur also in the scholia to Aristotle. It is possible 
that as they appear in our scholia they all come: from 
Simplicius. One long quotation (Melissos Fr. 17) is, however, 
taken by Eusebios from Aristokles, a much earlier commen- 
tator on Aristotle. This fact of course confirms the belief 
that earlier commentators on Aristotle accessible to Simplicius 
already contained quotations from the philosophers in question ;! 
and the presence in our scholia of so many fragments quoted 
by Simplicius on the de caelo would at least suggest an inves- 
tigation of the question whether our scholia drew them from 
an earlier source than Simplicius—in other words, whether 
Simplicius did not in all probability take them from the 
commentaries of his predecessors. So when we find Par- 
menides line 78 ap. Simplicius, Physica 29, 18 in the form 
that Plato had quoted it,? when we find line 60 ap. 120, 23 
quoted from an indirect source (cf. p. 145, 4, where it is 
quoted in context), we may conclude that Simplicius took 

' Diels, Doxographt Graeci, p. 112, shows that Simplicius used the 
work of Alexander of Aphrodisias. 


2 Cf. the correct form Simp. Phys. 159, 15; it is not unlikely that 
lines 52, 53 ap. 135, 21, and 122 ap. 39, 18 were also taken from Plato. 


APPENDIX | 283 


those quotations from Parmenides at second hand, and not 
improbably from earlier commentators on Aristotle. The 
quotations from Herakleitos are all of them in a late form, 
and show that Simplicius was not familiar with any work 
under the name of Herakleitos.! Nor did Simplicius know 
Xenophanes at first hand. The two quotations from his poem 
occur in the discussion of a passage from Theophrastos, and 
are probably taken from him. The quotations show, how- 
ever, that Simplicius knew at first hand the works of Zeno, 
Melissos, Anaxagoras, Parmenides, and Empedokles, and it 
remains to examine the numerous quotations from the last 
two thinkers in order to form some idea as to the probable 
accuracy of Simplicius’ method of quotation. 

Stein in his attempt to restore the text of Parmenides 
finds numerous misarrangements of the lines and breaks where 
one or more lines have dropped out. Certainly there is 
evidence that Simplicius omitted four or more lines between 
89 and 94, nor does he indicate the breakin any way. Several 
times a phrase of his own is inserted in the middle of a line 
(e.g. Phys. 89, 28; 148, 22), and once a line is filled out 
metrically, according to our manuscripts, by a phrase which is 
generally regarded as a comment from Simplicius (Phys. 
145, 16). The text itself of these fragments is often very 
dubious in our manuscripts (e.g. lines 96, 98, 100), but 
Simplicius may not be responsible for this. In our manu- 
scripts also we read sometimes wirds, sometimes airds, and 
when either dv or édv (dvra or édvra) is metrically possible, the 
shorter is usual; here again we cannot with any confidence 
hold that Simplicius is responsible. 

The quotations from Empedokles shed more light on the 
method of Simplicius. Not infrequently lines are omitted in 
sequence, as two lines between 68 and 70 (Phys. 158, 1 f.), 
and again in the same quotation one line between 90 and 92, 
and two lines between 93 and 94. According to Bergk the 
line between 174 and 176 should be omitted (it is identical 
with 184) ; and Schneidewin inserts here line 175 (of Stein) 


' Four out of the six quotations from Herakleitos are given either in 
Plato or Aristotle, or both; Frag. 20 comes directly or indirectly from a 
Stoic source. : : 


284 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


from Stobaeos; the passage occurs twice in the same form in 
Simplicius, however (and once in the scholia to Aristotle), so 
that this error probably existed in the text from which Simpli- 
cius copied. On p. 33, 19 of the Physica two passages from 
different parts of the poem of Empedokles are joined without 
break, and the end of line 95 (Stein 115) is modified to 
make the connection between the two passages. In two 
instances I believe that Simplicius (or some copyist) has 
repeated in a quotation some lines from the last previous 
quotation. On p. 159 of the Physica the end of the first 
quotation is repeated as the end of the second, except that a 
summary phrase is substituted for the last half-line; again 
on p. 160 (lines 6-8) we find three lines which had occurred 
in the last previous quotation, and which are inserted here 
with the change of a connecting word. Sometimes we can 
point out an error that probably existed in the text from which 
Simplicius copied, as in the case of line 175 mentioned above. 
Thus édeiro in line 99, xjové in 98, BeBAadoryKe at 105, and 
probably y<pos in 78 appear in repetitions of the same 
quotation at different points, and so may be assigned to the 
source of Simplicius. In other instances we may say that 
Simplicius copied carelessly, as in the case of line 89, which 
is corrected in the prose paraphrase, and possibly 138, where 
the curious text in the Physica may be corrected from the de 
caelo. The state of our manuscripts of Simplicius, however, is 
probably responsible for most of the numerous errors in the 
forms of words. 

From this survey of the sources I have omitted the names 
of many writers who furnish some little addition to our know- 
ledge of the fragments, for their method of quotation is 
relatively unimportant, nor have I thought it necessary to 
consider later writers who throw light only on the later 
history of the fragments. Accordingly I have not spoken of 
Eusebios, who repeats quotations from Plutarch and from 
Clement, or of Theodoret, who drew from Clement, or of 
Julian, who drew from Plutarch. Again, I have not spoken 
of Stobaeos, or Eustathios, or the scholia generally, as 
sources, for we are not at present able to determine the 
Tine of tradition for these fragments. I have, however, 


' APPENDIX 285 


examined the more important sources of fragments, in order 
that the student may be able to estimate the relative value 
of the sources, both as to text and as to directness of trans- 
mission, in his own study of them. 


aE, 


§$ 15. Turning now to the doxographic tradition, we may 
state the problem as follows :—In the Placita philosophorum 
attributed to Plutarch, in the Eclogae physicae of Stobaeos, in 
fragments from Arius Didymos, in Hippolytos, and in other 
writers, we find copious statements as to the opinions of the 
early philosophers. These opinions shed light on many points 
not mentioned in the fragments of their writings now remain- 
ing, and so they have great importance for the student of their 
systems. At the same time they are often confused and unre- 
liable. The problem is to determine the relation of these 
writers to each other, as well as to the source of the whole 
series, in order that we may estimate their relative value, 
This work has been most successfully accomplished in the 
Prolegomena to Diels’ Doxographi Graeci, a work that is 

‘absolutely indispensable to the student of this subject. There 
is no occasion to reopen here a question that Diels has so suc- 
cessfully solved, but I propose to state briefly a few of the 
conclusions which the reader will find substantiated in the work 
of Diels. 

The most obvious fact to one who takes up the study of 
the doxographic writers is that the Placita attributed to Plu- 
tarch, and the Eclogae physicae, which was originally a part of 
the Florilegium of Stobaeos, are intimately related ; and when 
the two are printed side by side, as the reader finds them in 
the text of Diels, the likeness of the two is most striking. At 
‘the same time the two books are not identical, and each gives 
much material that the other omits. Stobaeos cannot have 
copied from the work attributed to Plutarch, for even in pas- 
sages that occur in the Placita Stobaeos not infrequently 
gives the fuller form ; nor can the writer of the Placita have 
copied from Stobaeos, for his work can be traced back nearly 
three centuries before the time of Stobaeos. It was used by 


286 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


Athenagoras in his defence of the Christians 177 a.p. (Doz. 
p. 4) ; it was mentioned by Theodoret (Doz. p. 47); and im- 
portant corrections of the text are made by Diels on the autho- 
rity of Eusebios, Cyril, and the pseudo-Galen, all of whom had 
used it. Theodoret (Therap. IV. 31, Dox. 47) mentions the 
epitome by Plutarch, but only after he has mentioned the 
Placita of Aetios, *Aeriov tiv rept dpecxovrwv cvvaywyyv, and 
it is this work of Aetios which Diels vindicates as the source 
both of Plutarch and of Stobaeos, while Theodoret also quotes 
from it occasionally. A careful study of these three writers 
and their methods enables Diels to reconstruct a large part of 
the work of Aetios; and it is the sections of this work bearing 
on the earlier philosophers which I have translated (see III. 
English Index under ‘Aetios’). Of Aetios himself almost 
nothing is known; the work assigned to him must have been 
written between the age of Augustus and the age of the 
Antonines (Doxw.100). It was in four books, divided into 
chapters by topics, and in each chapter the opinions of the 
philosophers were given not by schools but by affinity of their 
opinions. 

§ 16. Fortunately we are in a position to say what was the 
beginning of that style of composition of which the work of 
Aetios is an example. Aristotle, as we have seen, paid con- 
siderable attention to the earlier thinkers and often stated 
their opinions as the introduction to his own position. A list 
of the works of his pupil and successor Theophrastos is given 
by Diogenes Laertios (v. 46, 48), and in the list there is 
mentioned a book in eighteen chapters wept rév duoixdv, and 
a little later another book in sixteen chapters of gvoixdv 
ddfuv. We have a long fragment de sensibus which Diels has 
edited in connection with the later doxographists (Dow. pp. 
499 f.), and from this we can learn something of his method. 
In this fragment he discusses the opinions of his predecessors 
as to sense-perception, grouping them by affinity, and not 
chronologically or by schools. The work is done conscien- 
tiously, and is based on a study of the original writings of the 
thinkers he treats (v. supra, pp. 280f.). Other fragments from 
_ the first book have been pointed out by Brandis and Usener 

-(Analecta Theophrastea) in Simplicius’ Commentary on 


APPENDIX | 287 


Aristotle’s Physics ; while we have also several pages pre- 
served in Philo de incorrupt. mundi. In the first book, to 
judge from the fragments in Simplicius, Theophrastos arranged 
the earlier thinkers by schools and accompanied his statements 
with brief biographical notices (e.g. pp. 11, 257 supra). Such 
a work was of the greatest convenience to later writers, and 
especially to the compilers who were so numerous in the age 
of the decadence. In fact: the whole doxographic tradition 
may be traced back to this work of Theophrastos. 

In the last centuries of the pre-Christian era there was an 
unusual interest in the biographies of famous men. Apocry- 
phal anecdotes were gathered from popular gossip, deduced 
from the works of these writers, or made up with no foun- 
dation at all. In the second century several writers of the 
peripatetic school wrote the lives of the philosophers after this 
fashion. We hear of Bio. by Hermippos and by Satyros, and 
of the diadoyxai trav pirocedwv of Satyros; and we are told that 
Herakleides of Lembos worked over what his immediate pre- 
decessors had collected. Phanias of Eresos is one of the 
‘authorities’ of this school. Much of this material has come 
down to us in the work of Diogenes Laertios. 

'On the book of Theophrastos, and on the ‘ Lives’ or the 
‘ Successions of the philosophers,’ as they were often called, 
the later doxographic writers based their work. Even in 
Diogenes Laertios there is material from both sources, and we 
can define some fragments almost in Theophrastos’ own words. 
In the Philosophumena of Hippolytos the two sources are 
pretty clearly distinguished: chapters 1-4 and 10 (on Thales, 
Pythagoras, Empedokles, Herakleitos and Parmenides, see III. 
English Index under ‘ Hippolytos’) are made up of personal 
anecdotes such as writers of the lives were eager to collect and 
to repeat; chapters 6-8 and 11 (on Anaximandros, Anaxi- 
menes, Anaxagoras, and Xenophanes) come indirectly from 
the work of Theophrastos. The Stromateis attributed by 
Eusebios to Plutarch (see III. English Index under ‘ Plutarch,’ 
and Doz. pp. 579f.) are like the last-mentioned chapters of 
Hippolytos, though the language is often more careless, 

A comparison of Aetios with Hippolytos, the Stromatezis, 
and the doxographic material in Cicero and Censorinus (from 


288 THE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS OF GREECE 


Varro) makes it clear that the Placita of Aetios are not based 
directly on the work of Theophrastos. Indeed (Doz. p. 100, 
and pp. 178 f.) it is evident from an examination of the work 
of Aetios by itself that much of his material is drawn from 
Stoic and Epicurean sources. As the main source for what 
remains after Stoic and Epicurean passages have been cut 
out, Diels postulates an earlier Placita (Vetusta placita, pp. 
215f.). He finds traces of this in the work of Varro as used by 
Censorinus, in Cicero's Zusculan Disputations, and in some 
later writers. 

§ 17. Résumé. The doxographic tradition starts with 
the work of Theophrastos on the opinions of his predecessors. 
On this work is based immediately the Vetusta placita; on 
the Vetusta placita is based the Placita of Aetios, and there 
are traces of its use by later writers; the Placita of Aetios 
may be partially reconstructed from Plutarch’s Placita and 
Stobaeos’ Hclogae. Again, using Theophrastos and gathering 
anecdotes from every side, writers of the second century B.c. 
wrote the lives of the philosophers. A line of tradition pro- 
bably independent of the Placita just considered appears in 
the work of Hippolytos, who used now the work of Theo- 
phrastos, now the lives; in Diogenes Laertios, where 
material from most various sources is indiscriminately mixed ; 
and in the Stromateis attributed to Plutarch by Eusebios, 
which are related to the better material of Hippolytos. Sim- 
plicius used Theophrastos directly. Finally in the fragments 
of Philodemos and the related material in Cicero’s Lucullus 
and De natura deorwm we find traces of a use of Theophrastos 
either by Philodemos himself, or in a common source of both 
Cicero and Philodemos—probably a Stoic epitome of Theo- 
phrastos made by the Phaedros whom Cicero mentions, 


~~ 


INDEXES 





I. INDEX OF SOURCES 


The references are to the critical notes. 


Anaximandros (Ad.), Herakleitos (H.), 


Zeno (Z.), Melissos (M.), and Anaxagoras (A.), are referred to by fragments; Par- 
menides (P.) and Empedokles (E.) by lines. Other references are by pages (p.) _ 


Achilles (commonly called Tatius) 
in Petavii de doctrina tempo- 
rum. Antwerp 1703. H. 119; 
Z. 12; E. 138, 154 

Aelian de natura animalium, ed. 
Hercher. E. 257-260, 438-439 

Aeneas Gazaeus, Theophrastus, ed. 
Wolf. Turici 1560. H. 82 

Albertus Magnus de vegetabilibus, 
ed. Meyer. H. 51 

Alexander of Aphrodisias, Com- 
mentaries on Aristotle. H. 32, 
84, 121 

Amelius in Eusebios, Praeparatio 
evangelicae. - H. 2 

Ammonius on Aristotle de inter- 
pretatione. P. 60; E. 347-351 

Anecdota Graeca, ed. Bekker. Ber- 
lin 1821. KE. 156 

Apollonios, Epistolae, in Hercher, 
Scriptores epistolographé. Paris 
1873. H. 130, 133 

Apuleius de mundo, ed. Gold- 
bacher. Wien 1876. H. 55, 59 

Aristides Quintilianus de musica, 
ed. Meibomius. Amst. 1652. 
H. 68, 74 

Aristokles in Eusebios, Praeparatio 
evangelicae. M.17 

Aristotle (Edition of the Berlin 
Academy), Ad. 1; H. 2, 32, 37, 
41, 43, 46, 51, 55, 57, 59, 105; 
Z. 12, 25; P. 52-53, 103-104, 
132, 146-149 ; E. 36-39, 48-50, 
69-73, 92, 98, 100, 104-107, 
139-141, 145, 146-148, 165, 
166-167, 168, 175, 182-183, 


197-198, 199-201, 208, 219, 221, 
236-237, 244, 270, 273-274, 279, 
280, 287-311, 313b, 316-325, 
326, 330-332, 333-335, 425-427 
Arius Didymus in Eusebios, Prae- 
paratio evangelicae. H, 42 
Athenaeos, Deipnosophistae. H. 
16, 54; Z.17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23; 
E. 214, 383-384, 405-411 
Athenagoras, Legatio in Migne, Pa- 
trologia Graeca, vol. vi. EB. 34-35 
Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae. H. 
16; E, 441 


Caelius Aurelianus de moribus 
acutis et chronicis, ed. Wetstein. 
Amst. 1709. P. 150-155 

Cedrenus, Chronicles in Scriptores 
historiae Byzantinae. Bonn 
1838. E. 355 

Censorinus de die natali, ed. 
Hultsch. Lips. 1867. H. 87 

Cicero, opera. H. 113, 114 

Clement of Alexandria (references 
are to the pages of Potter’s 
edition, Oxford 1715). H. 2, 3, 
5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21; 
23, 27, 31, 49, 54, 60, 64, 67, 68, — 
74, 77, 78, 79, 80, 86,-101, 102, 
104, 110, 111, 116, 118, 122, 123, 
124, 125, 127, 130; Z. 1, 5,6; Po 
29-30, 40, 59-60, 90-93,133_-139 ; 
E. 26-28, 33, 55-57, 74, 78, 81, 
130-133, 147-148, 165, 342-343, — 
344-346, 366-368, 383-384, 385, 


390-391, 400-401, 404, 445-446, 


447-451 


G 


290 


Columella de ve rustica, ed. 
Ernesti. 1774. H. 53 
Cornutus, Compendium graecae 
theologiae. HE. 397-399 
Cyrillus adversum Julianum in 
Migne, Patrologia Graeca. E. 
412-414 


Didymos, Geoponica in Niclas, 
Geoponicorum libri xx. Lips. 
1781. HK. 441 


Dio Cassius, Historia Romana. 
H. 67 
Dio Chrysostom, 
Reiske. H. 80 
Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca~ his- 
torica. HE. 354 
Diogenes Laertios de vitis philo- 
sophorum. H. 4, 16, 17, 19, 22, 
33, 48, 62, 69, 71, 80, 103, 112, 
113, 114, 119, 131, 1382; Z. 14, 
18, 24; P. 28-30, 54-56; E. 1, 
6, 24-32, 34-35, 67-68, 352-363, 
383-384, 415, 417 
Draco Stratoniceus 
_ poeticis, ed. Hermann. 
1812... Z. 28 


Orations, ed. 


de metris 
Lips. 


‘Elias Cretensis, p. 54 

Epicharmos. in Mullach, F'rag- 
menta Philos. Graec. H. 81 

Epictetus, Dissertationes.. H. 85 

Etymologicum Magnum. H. 66; 
Z.18; E. 150 

Eusebios, Praeparatio evangelicae. 
_H. 2, 8, 19, 20, 22, 23,25, 110, 
122, 124, 125; Z. 1, 5, 6; M. 
17; P. 60; E. 33-35, 377-380, 
' 412-414, 450-451 

Eustathius, Commentaries on 
Homer. H. 43, 66, 74, 119; 
%. 13, 17; E. 168; 182-188, 
405-407 


Monacense, ed. 


Florilegiwm 
H. 132, 134, 135 


Meineke. 


Gaisford, Poetae minores Graeci. 
P. 151-153; E. 169-185, 210- 
213, 240-242, 244-246 

Galen, in Scriptores medici, ed. 
Kuhn. H. 53, 74, 113; Z. 14; 
P.160;. i. 91, 98, 100; .151, 
276-278 


INDEX OF SOURCES 


Glykas, Annales, ed. Bekker, 
Bonn 1836, in Corpus script. 
Byzant. H. 74 

Gregory Nazianzen, 
H. 130 


Orations. 


Hephaestion, Enchiridion, ed. 
Gaisford. Lips.1832. E. 164 
Herakleitos (pseudo-), Hpistolae in 


Bywater’s Heraclitus. H. 12, 
39, 40, 60, 121 
Herakleitos (Herakleides), Alle- 


goriae Homericae. H. 22, 67, 
81; E. 34-35 

Hermeias on Plato’s Phaedros, ed, 
Ast. H. 74 

Herodian, Reliquiae, ed. Lentz. 
Lips. 1870. Z. 28, 29, 30, 31 

Hesychius, Lexicon. H. 80 

Hierokles, Commentary on the 
Carmen aureum, in Mullach, 
Fragmenta Philos. Graec. vol. i. 
E. 385-386, 389 

Hippokrates, in Bywater’s Hera- 
clitus. H. 39, 61, 66, 69, 70, 82 

Hippolytos, Refutatio omnium 
haeresiwm, ed. Duncker, Schnei- 
dewin. Géttingen 1859. H. 1, 2, 
13, 21, 24, 26, 28, 29, 35, 36, 44, 
45, 47, 50, 52, 57, 58, 67, 68, 69, 
71, 79,101, 123; Z. 14; EH. 33-35, 
110-111, 333-335, 338-341, 348- 
349, 369-370 


Iamblichos de mysteriis &c. H.11, 
12, 29, 69, 79, 82, 83, 95, 105, 
114, 128,129; E. 415-420 

Iohannes Lydus de mensibus, ed. 
Bekker. Berlin 1837,in Corpus 
scriptorum historiae Byzantinae. 


H. 87 
Iohannes in Walz, 
Rhetores Stuttgart 


1836. H. 2 


Siceliotas 
Graeci. 


Julian, Orations, ed. Spanheim. 
Lips. 1696. H. 10, 16, 68, 80, 85 
E. 388 


Kleanthes’ Hymn to Zeus; in 
Heeren’s Stobaet Eclogae Phy- 
sicae. 1792. H:. 19; 28, 91 

Kleomedes wept fetedpay, -ed. 
Bakius. Lips..1832. H. 69 


INDEX OF SOURCES 291 


Linos (pseudo-) in Mullach, F'rag- 
menta Philos. Graec. vol. i. 
H. 19 

Lucian, Dialogues. H. 14, 44, 67, 
79,114; HE. 355 


.Macrobius, on Somniwm Scipionis, 
and Saturnalia. H. 31; E. 150 

Marcus Antoninus, Commentaries. 
H. 25, 34, 69, 73, 84, 90; E.138 

Maximus Confessor, Sermones, ed. 
Combefisius. Paris1675. H. 34, 
136, 137 

Maximus Tyrius, Dissertationes. 
H. 25, 67, 69 

Musonius in Stobaeos, Florilegium. 
H. 69, 74, 114 (Cf. H. 27, 67, 74 
in Clement, Paidagogos) 


-Numenius in Chalcidius on the 
Timaeos, in Mullach, Fragmenta 
Philos. Graec. vol. ii. H. 43 
(Cf. H. 72in Porphyry, de antro 
nympharum) 


Olympiodoros (cf. p. 17), Commen- 
taries on Plato and Aristotle. 
H. 20, 32, 68 

Origen contra Celsum. H. 62, 85, 
130; Z. 74; BE. 374-375 

Orphica, ed. G. Hermann. 
1805. EH. 438-439 


Lips. 


Philo Judaeus, Opera, ed. Mangey. 
H. 1, 2, 10, 22, 24, 64, 67, 68, 
69, 70, 74, 79, 82, 85, 87, 134; 
E. 48-49, 386-387 

Philodemos de pietate, ed. Gom- 
perz. H. 28 

Philoponos, Commentaries on 
Aristotle. Z.10; P. 60-61, 81; 
E. 98, 100, 219, 244, 270-271, 
280, 284-285, 330-332, 333-335 

Philostratos, vita Apollonii, ed. 
Kayser. EH. 355, 383-384 

Plato (Stephanus’ pages). H. 32, 
41, 45, 58, 69, 79, 98,99; P.52- 
53, 98, 103-105, 132 

Plotinos,. Hnneades. H. 32, 54, 
69, 80, 82, 83, 85,99; P. 40,81; 
E. 381-382 

Plutarch, Moralia and Lives. H.11, 
12, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 29, 31, 34, 
38, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 47, 62, 70, 
74, 78, 79, 80, 85, 87, 105, 108, 


115, 116, 117, 120, 121, 122, 127, 
138; Z. 14,15; P. 60, 132, 144, 
145; E. 5, 8-9, 33-35, 36-39, 
40-44, 45-47, 51-54, 58-59, 60, 
78, 79, 80-81, 98, 100, 135-136, 
143-144, 149, 151, 153, 155, 
157-159, 160, 161, 163, 165, 
208, 209, 220, 221, 238-239, 
243, 257-260, 261, 272, 279, 281, 
282-283, 313, 373-381, 390, 393- 
396, 402, 403, 423-424, 430-431, 
440, 444 

Pollux, Onomasticon. H. 85 

Polybios, Historia. H. 14-15 

Porphyry, de antro nympharum, 
&c. H..67; 70, 74:5 P.. (236}3 
Z. 10; E. 165-392, 401, 405- 
420, 436-437 

Probus, Comment. in Virgilii Bu- 
col. et Geor. HK. 33-35 

Proklos, Commentaries on Plato. 
H. 16, 32, 44, 68, 79, 80, 111; 
P. 29-30, 33-42, 65, 81, 85, 103- 
105; Z.14; E. 3, 18, 138, 162, 
386-387 


Satyros in Diogenes Laertios. E. 
24-32 

Scholia to Aristophanes. Z.27 _ 

Scholia to Aristotle. P. 140-143; 
M. 17; E. 169-185, 210-213, 
244, 246, 240-242, 381-382 


Scholia to Euripides. H. 138; 
Z. 13; EB. 275 
Scholia to Homer. H. 39, 43, 61, 


66, 85, 119; Z. 8, 11,13; E. 168, 
182-183, 405-407, 67-68 
Scholia to Nicander, Theriaca. 
E. 421-422 
Scholia to Plato, ed. Ast. E. 60 
Seneca, Hpistolae. H.77, 81,113,120 
Sextus Empiricus, adv. Mathemati- 
cos, ed. Bekker. H. 2, 4, 42, 52, 
54, 183.2. 2,-7,.8,,14 5-2. 1-80, 
53-58, 132; E. 2-10, 33, 35,77, 80, 
333-335, 355, 364-365, 428-429 
Simplicius de caelo. M. 17; Z. 
28-32, 60, 62-65, 77, 110-113, 
140-143, 151-153; HE. 67-73, 
114-115, 128, 169-185, 178, 181, 
210-213, 215-218, 240-242, 244— 
246, 254, 256 ; 
Simplicius, Commentary on the 
Physics. H. 20, 41, 48, 56, 57, 
58; X.3,4; Z.1-16; M. 1-16; 


292 


P. 35-40, 48b-51, 52-53, 57-70, 
82-89, 94-112, 110-121, 122-125, 
126-128, 132; E. 61-73, 74-95, 
96, 109, 112-118, 119-129, 135, 
138, 139, 141, 152, 171-185, 
186-194, 195-196, 199-202, 203- 
207, 218, 247-253, 262-269 
Stobaeos, Florilegiwm and Eclogae 
hysicae. H. 4, 11,18, 59, 63, 67, 
73, 74,104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 
134; Z 8, 11, 16; P. 103-105, 
132; E. 67-68, 71, 91, 138, 175, 
287-239, 269-270, 390, 402 
Suidas, Geography. H. 30, 88, 
114; E. 326 ; 
_|Symmachus, Fpistolae. H. 113 
Synesius, Hpistolae, ed. Hercher. 
Paris 1873. E. 386-388; De 
insomnia, 474 
Suidas, Lexicon. H. 9, 80; E. 
24-32, 150 


Tatianus, Oratio ad Graecos in 
Otto, Corpus apologet. vi. Jena 
1851. H. 80 


GREEK INDEX 


Tertullian, in Migne, Patrologia 
latina i.-iii. H. 69, 71 

Themistius, Orationes, ed. Trunca- 
vellus. Venet. 1534. H. 10 ; Para- 
phrases Arist. libr. ed. Spengel. 
Lips. 1866. H.122; E.330 

Theodoret, Ecclesiastica historia. 
H. 3, 7, 8, 101, 102, 104, 122; 
Z. 5, 6; P. 60, 90; E. 56-57, 
91, 334-336 

Theodorus, Prodromus, v. supra, 
p- 50 

Theon Smyrnaeus, Arithmetica, 
ed. Hiller. 1878. E. 442-443 

Theophrastos, Opera, ed. Wimmer. 
H. 46, 84; P. 146-149; E. 182- 
188, 229, 314-315, 836-337, 
423-424; Ad. 2; Z. 2,38 

Timon of Phlius in Eusebios, 
Praeparatio evangelicae. HE. 
400-401 

Tzetzes, Chiliades, and Exeget.in 
Iliadum. H.66, 78; E. 24-32, 
66-68, 244, 347-351, 396 


Xenophon, Memorabilia. H. 58 





Ii. GREEK INDEX 


Parmenides (P.) and Empedokles (E.) are referred to by lines; Anaximandros (Ad.), 
Herakleitos (H.), Xenophanes (X.), Zeno (Z.), Melissos (M.), and Anaxagoras (A.), by 
the number of the fragment in which the word occurs. Occasional references to 


pages are indicated by p. 


ayads, H. 57, 61, 111 

tyadua, H. 130; E. 408 

&yxiBaoin, H. 9 

&ywv, H. 119; X. 19 

Gdixla, Ad. 2 

&eBAov, X. 19 

anp, pp. 17, 63; M.17; E. 132; 
A. 1, 2,6; P. 24; E. 450 

d0avaros, BH. 425; H. 67 

e&Opéw, BE. 4, 19, 156 

aidios, M. 17; E. 370 

aidépios, E. 377 

aiéjp, X.11; P. 133, 141; E. 31, 
40, 78, 133, 146, 166, 198, 204, 
211, 216, 291, 293, 299, 304, 310, 
334, 379, 427; A. 1, 2,6 

alépn, EB. 158 

at@pios, H. 30 

aina, E. 207, 292, 308, 327 


aloa, P. 127; KE. 113, 231, 266 

ataiuos, EK. 301, 307 

aisxph, E. 395 

atwv, H. 79; E. 71, 111, 224, 389, 
420 

akivntos, P. 82 

twos, H. 129 

axotn, H.13; P.55; E. 20, 21 

éxotw, H. 2,6; X.2; M.17; E. 
14, 33 

&xpnrtos, BK. 144, 183, 410, 412 

aAnbeln, P. 29, 36,111; E. 366 

&AnOdhs, P. 73,84, 99; M. 17 

é&pBaivo, EB. 3, 228 

&uBpotos, E. 99,181, 355 

é&unxavin, P. 47 

&uorBh, p. 60 

&umdAaxin, E. 371 

avéyen, P. 72, 86,1388; E. 232 


GREEK INDEX 


évdravois, H. 104 

avaratw, H. 83, 86 

avarvéw, E. 287 

aveuds, X.11 

avdnros, P. 73 

ayTix8wv, pp. 136, 148 

a&tdveros, H. 2,3 

ao.dds, H. 111; X. 22 

&mreipos, H.2; X.12; A.1, 6; Z.1,3; 
M. 7, 8,9, 11 

amoylvouct, Z. 1 

amroxplvouat, H.43; A. 2, 4,6, 9, 10, 
11, 12, 16 

axéxpiois, A. 10 

améArenfis, E. 63 

améAavumt, M. 11, 12, 17; A. 17; 
E. 93 

&moppoh, KE. 281- 

&paos, p.102; M. 14; E. (196); 
A. 6,8 ° 

&pOpov, EK. 82 

&peros, H. 30 

apuovin, H. 45, 46,47; E. 122, 137, 
202 


apxh, H. 70; M. 7,9; E. 130; 
A.16 


&omeros, HE. 111, 128 

aoreuphs, E. 398 

abyh, E. 99, 152, 153, 157, 427 
avroxparns, A. 6 


Bdxxor, H. 124; X. 27 

BdpBapos, H. 4 

Bacavifw, H. 58 

Bios, H. 66,67; E. 249, 251, 373 

Banotpl(w, X. 24 

BépBopos, H. 53-54 

Bpérews, P. 111; E.10, 35 

Bporés, X.5; P. 46, 99, 109, 121; 
E. 54, 147, 247, 303, 347 

Bouds, X. 21; E. 412 


yéveois, P. 77, 83; E. 63 

yévvn, P. 62; E. 87, 192, 194, 230 

Yi, yata, H. 21, 25, 68; X. 8,9, 10, 
12; P. 140,144; M. 17; E. 26, 
78, 132, 146, (152), 154, 158, 160, 
165, 211, 333, 378, 391; A. 4, 9, 
10 

ynpels, X. 26 

vyivopa, P. 69, 100; M. 6, 11,17; 
EK. 46, 48, 71, 95 

yweokw, H. 18, 35, 106, 115, 130; 
X. 18; P.39; A. 14; E. 281 

yAave@ms, E. 159 


293 


yvadets, H. 50. 


- youn, H. 19,96; P. 113, 121 


ywopl(w, p. 250 

yéuoos, P. 20; E. 241, (279) 

yviov, E. 2, 23, 142, 249, 260, 269 
308,347, 371,414. 


daluwv, H. 97,121,131; P.3,128, 
p. 145 ;. E. 254, 373 

daippwy, E. 1 

SelAaios, E. 446 

deAds, E. 3, 53, 228, 343, 400, 441 

déuas, P. 115,119; E.198, 268 

dnutoupyds, p. 61 

Sjuos, H. 100 

Siaxoouéew, A. 6 

didxoouos, P. 120 

Siaxpivoua, A. 6, 7,14, 17 

didAAakis, EB. 38 

diduoppa, E. 102 

Siabépw, H. 45, 46, 59, 93 

di¢nu:, H. 80; P. 62 

di¢nots, P. 34, 45, 53 

Sixatos, H. 61; X. 19, 21 

dixn, H. 60, 62, 118; P. 14, 28, 70; 
E. 5 

divn, E. 378 

doArxaiwy, E.107, (126) 

d6&m, H.133; P. 30, (31), 111, 151; 
E. 343 

Stvauis, P. 123 


€00s, P. 54 

eldos, M. 17; E.123, 135, 192, 207, 
266, 375 

efuapuéva, H. 63, p. 60 

éxmvéw, E. 287, 294, 311 

éreyxos, P. 56 

€umatos, E. 3 

év, H.19,59,91; M. 11,17; E. 62, 
67, 118, 70, 76, 248 

étavatéAAw, E. 258, 265 

étevpioxw, H. 7 

efdAAvmt, EB. 47 

éeraviornut, H. 123 

érlorauat, H. 6, 19, 35 

émixOdvios, E. 448 

épyarns, H. 90 

épis, H. 43, 46, 62 

etd, H. 2 

evvouln, X. 19 

evoeBhs, X. 25; E. 408 

evopévn, H. 31, 36, 77 

exouat, X. 21 

epnueptor, E, 14, 338 


294 


één, SI. 56, 78, 123 
(wn, E 


HOos, H. 96, 121; gE 88, 226 

ffAwos, H, 29, 31, "32, 135; P. 134, 
140, 145 ; E. 98, 130, "135, 149, 
164, 211, '379 ; A. 6, 10 

jimap, P.11; HE. 436 

fuépn, H. 82, 85, 86° 

fpws, H. 130 


Oddacoa, H. 21,23; X.11; E.136, 
187 

Oduvos, BK. 41, 252, 384 

Oavaros, H. 25, 64, 68 

OeAnud, E. (101), 174 

Oguis, P. 28, 88: E. 14, 44 

Oeuirds, BK. 425 


Geds, H. 12, 43, 44, 61, 67, (91), (96), 
6,7, 16, 
21,29; P.22; B.11, 107, 129, 
142, 341, 343, 355, 369, 405, 


102, 130, 130a; X. 1, 5, 


449 
Ovnckw, H. 78 


éynrés, H. 67,111; X. 1, 16, 31; 
E. 17, 37, 63, 82, 86, 115, 128, 
182, 184, 188, 212, 355, 365, 375, 


391, 400 
Olé, E. 237; M.11; A.18 


Ouuds, H. 105; P.1; EH. 414, 436, 


446 


iarpés, H. 58 

idéa, A. 3 

iepds, E. 350 
iAdepa, E. 149, 152 
ioropin, H. 17 
torwp, H. 49 


Kabalpw, H. 130 
Kabapuds, EH. 352 


kabapés, H. 52; X. 21; P. 134; E. 


12, 223, 273 
xabeviw, H. 78, 90, 94 
kaxorexvln, H. 17 
kapacjves, EH. 163, 214 
kdpatos, H. 82, 104 
kamvés, H. 37 
katabrjokw, BE. 47 
xérevdos, P. 11, 36, 51; 

376 
xeveds, M. 14; E. 91 
kepauvds, H. 28 
Keparn, E. 347 . 
kwéw, M.8, 14; A. 7 


GREEK 


E. 183, 


INDEX 


KAehvdpn, E. 295 

xémpios, H. 85 

xépos, H. 24, 36, 104, (111) 

kopuon, EH. 58 

kéopuos, H. 20, 90, 95; P. 92, 112, 
pp. 146, 148; E. 116, 351; A. 13 

Kpaows, H. 189,192 

Kptous, P. 72; M. 14 


“ Kpotvwpa, E. 35 
kuBepydw, Ad. 1; H.19; P. 128 


kukeoy, H. 84 

xixdros,P. 7; BE. 78, 112, 1383, 153, 
178 

kvov, H. 115 

kopds, H. 3; P. 49 


Aaumds, P. 135 

Acoxnvedo, He180 

Anyo, E. 66, 72, (89) 

Ajjiva, H. 124, (127) 

ArBavwrds, X. O1 

Al@os, A. 9 

Adyos, H. 1, 2, 92,116, 117; X.18; 
P1556, 110; M12, 17:5. 57, 
59, 86, 170, 341 

Adpn, H. 45 


pdryo., H. 124 

patvouc, H. 12, 127, 130 

paptus, H. 4, 15, 118 

péyebos, Z.1,3; M.8 

péaAea, P. 146, 148; E. 139, 179, 
238, 247, 268, 270, 312 

peAcdquwy, E. 353 

peaAérn, E. 223, 339 

péunre, BE. 343 

pévw, P. 85, 86 

peptuyn, BE. 3, 45, 228 

uépos, BH. 112, 186, 200 

petaBddAdAw, H. 83 

pmetakoouew, M. 11, 12 

petamintrw, H. 78; M. 12,17 

petpéeoucn, H. 23 

pétpoy, H. 20, 29 

pntioua, P. 131; E. 437 

eAtis, E. 10, 120, 330 

puatvw, H. 130 

piypa, p.9, 11, 122 

plyvum, P. 180; E. 38, 259; A. 6 

pluvw, X. 4 

ptkts, P. 129; HK. 38, 40 

ployw, EH. 184, 254 

poipa, P. 26,97; A. 5, 6, 16 

uépos, H. 86, 101 

pépon, P. 113; E. 97, 430 


GREEK INDEX 


povvoyerts, P. 60 

bibs, P. 33, 57; E. 58,74, 75, 129, 
264, 367 

pborn, H. 124 

puotipia, H. 125 


veikos, E. 68, 79, (117), 139, 171, 
175, 177, 194, 335, 382 , 

vexpés, H. 123 

véxus, H. 85 

voéw, X. 2; P. 34, 40, 43, 64, 94, 
96; E. 22, 23, 316, p. 250. 

vonua, X.1; P. 53,94, 110, 149; E. 
328, 329 

vontés, P. 64 

vouos, H. 91, 100, 110; E. 44 

yous, Ho 91, 111 XK. 3%- BP; 48;. 90; 
147; E. 9, 81, 429; A. 5,6, 7,12 

vovgos, H. 104 

vuktimoAos, H. 124 


bykos, E. 247 

656s, 1: 69; 71, 1375 P. 2. 27,34; 
45, 54, 57, 74 

d(os, E. 315 

oiakiCw.H. 30 

olda, X. 14, 24; P. 8, 46; E. 417 

oldua, E. 293, 310, 367, 415 

otnois, H. 132, 134 

oivos, X. 17, 21 

bAcOpos, P. 77, 83 

dAAvwL, P. 70, 100 

éuBpos, E. 100, 204, 215, 298, 304 

buirdos, H. 111 

éuov wavra, p. 11; A. 1, 16 

éperAexns, E. 253, 438 

Sows, E. 12,17 

dorea, E. 201 

ovAduevos, E. 37, 79 

ovaAoguys, E. 265 

ovpavos, P. 137; HB. 150, 187 

bpOaduos, H. 4, 15, 326, 344 

tyis, H. 13; E. 20, 272 


aabos, M. 16 

maifw, H. 79; BE. 295 

mats, H. 73, 79, 86, 97; E. 294 

maddun, BE. 2,19, 218, 242 

maAdlytovos, H. 45 (note) 

madlytpomos, H. 45; P. 51 

meide, P. 36; E. 346 

mweipap,H. 71; X. 12; P. 82, 87, 
102, 109, 139; E. 75 

medexns, A. 13 

mépas, H. 70 


295 


mepiexw, A. 2, 12 

Tepixwpew, A. 7,41 

TEpixepnors, A. 6 

mecoevw,H.79 =. * 

anards, H. 130 

miBavos, pp. 133, 214 

mi@os, pp. 183,214 

tlotis, P. 30, 68, 84; E. 20, 23, 
210, 368 

mictwpa, EB. 56 

anicuvos, EK. 382 

wAd(w, P. 47; E. 251 - 

mwAacpatra, X. 21 

mA Pos, A. 1, 4, 15, 16 

tvevua, p. 21, K. 301, 307, 319 

avoin, E. 314 

méAeuos, H. 36, 44, 62 

moAvdnpis, P. 56 

toAuuadin, H. 16-17 

toAupbepys, E. 365 

rounrn, H. 127 

mpamides, EH. 222, 342, 417, 418 

ampnornp, H. 21, p. 63 

mpooyivoua, Z.1; M. 12 

muxvés, p. 102, M. 14; E. 217 

van, P. 11; E. 305 

muvOdvoua, EK. 10, 25 

wip, H. 20, 21, 22. 25, 26; P. 116, 
126R Me 7 OHS 78,890 a1. 
263, 267, 317, 322, 334 


fiCopara, BE. 33, 55 
pdos, EK. 300 


odpéi, E. 207, 402, 435; A. 18 

ceAhvn, P. 136, 140; E. 149, (153); 
A. 6, 10 

ojua, P. 58, 115, 134 

onuatvw, H. 11 

oiBvaAda, H. 12 

oxtaAat, X. 18 

opuicpd7ns, A. 1 

cogin, H. 107; X.19; E. 18 

copds, H. 1, 18, 19, 74; EH. 51, 416 

oméepua, A. 3, 4 

omddyxvos, E. 57 

otewwrds, E. 2 

orepavn, p. 108, 109 

otopyn, E. 335 

otpoyyvaAn, p. 151 

orupedt(w, X. 18 

ovyypapn, H. 17 

avykpivoua, A. 3 

ovyxwpew, A. 8 

ctpukis, A. 4 


296 ENGLISH INDEX 


ovpploryw, A. 17 
cupmhyvupt, A. 9, 10 
cungéepw, H. 46, 59 
cuvepxouwat, E. 173, 175, 248 
ovvlarnu, P. 93; EH. 174 
rpatpn, P. 103 

opaipos, B. 134, 138 
oxediyn, E. 209 

oGua, M. 16; E. 249 
owppovéw, H. 106-107 


taxuTns, A. 11 
teOnmads, P. 49; EH. 81 
rereutdw, H. 122; P. 152 
tedeuth, M. 7; E. 37 
tédos, M. 9 

rTépua, H. 178 

tun, E. 16, 88 

tiows, Ad. 2 

rétov, H. 45 

témov, P.101; Z. 4 
tphpara, H. 299 
Tuxn, H. 195 


bBpis, H. 103; X. 21 

bypés, H. 72, 73 

Hdwp, H. 25,68 ; X.9,10,11; M.17; 
E. 78, 208, 211, 221, 266, 284, 
297, 301, 302, 307, 324, 333; A.9 


gavracta, p. 62 

dos, P. 10, 144; E. 40, 72, 320 
odpyara, HE. 24, 121 

birdcogos, H. 49 


girdrns, E. 67, 80, 103, (116), 172, 
181, 209, 248 

padé, EH. 152 

pévos, EB. 371, 384, 412, 428 

gphv, H. 111; X. 3; E. 51, 74, 
127, 346, 350, 368 

gppovéw, H. 5,90; P. 148; E. 195, 
332, 337 

pornos, H. 92; E. 231 

ppovtis, X. 24; E. 839, 351 

pvtadov, E. 237, 440 

piaov, P. 49; EH. 163 

gvots, H. 2,10, 107; P. 133, 187, 
148; E. 36, 39, 226, 270 

gio, X. 10; P. 66, 138, 151; E. 
69, 182, 188, 242, 257, 375; A. 10 


xdpis, H. 136 

xelp, P. 22; EH. 296, 306, 345, 441, 
443 

x9aév, HE. 166, 187, 198, 199, 203, 
215, 235, 378, 403 

xdavos, E. 199 
Xpéos, P. 65, 96 

xpedv, Ad.2; P. 28, 37, 67, 105, 116 

xpnomoovyn, "HL 24 

xpon, A. 3,4 


Weddos, H. 118, (132) 
wuxn, H. 4, 38, 68, 71, 72, 73, 74, 
105, 181, 186; X. 18; A. 10 


@otokéw, H. 219 
épn, H. 34; E. 374 





Ill. HNGLISH INDEX 


The references are to pages; a star * indicates the important reference in a series. 


Achilles argument, the, 116, 118 

Aether, 110, 149, 183, 223, 237, 
261 

Aetios, 5, 6, 7, 14ff., 21f., 83f., 
109 £.,119, 129, 143, 146 f., 223f., 
253 £. 

Aetna, 78 

Aidoneus, 161, 223 

Air, 17, 19, 179, 223, 237, 248 

Akragas, 203 

Alexandros, 12, 81 

Alkmaion, 138 


All, the, 78, 105, 108 ; one, 57 

Anaxagoras, 18, 215, 216, 220, 
*235 f. 

Anaximandros, *8, 215, 257 

Anaximenes, *17, 81 

Animals, 13, 171; origin of, 189, 
191, 228, 261; from moisture, 
16; souls of, 150 

Anthropomorphism, 67, 77 

Aphrodite, 167,181, 185 

Apollodoros, 17, 23, 151 

Archilochos, 53 


ENGLISH INDEX 


Archippos, 154 

Archytas, 132. - 

Ares, 209 

Aristotle, 2, 8, 9, 18, 57£., 78, 104, 
129, 134 f., 145, 215 f., 247 

Aristoxenos, 153 

Arius Didymus, 151 

Arrow argument, 116 

Astronomy, 5 

Ate, 207 

Athletic contests vs. wisdom, 71 


Banquet, sacrificial, 75 

Beginning of the universe, 124 f., 
129 

Being, 91f., 108, 124f., 173, 243; 
not moved, 95; not generated, 
95; not divided, 95, 126 

Bias, 51 

Blood, seat of thought, 214, 234 

Blyson, 23 

Body, the tomb of the soul, 133, 
214; subject to change, 146; 
infinitely divisible, 146 

Breathing, Empedokles on, 195, 
227 


Cause, active, 22 

Change, constant, 35, 165; impos- 
sibility of, 127, 129 

Chariot of Parmenides, 87 - 

Chrysippos, 60 

Chthonie, 207 

Cicero, 7, 16, 21, 108, 151, 233 

Circles of the heavens, 99 

Clouds, 19, 256 

Comets, 84, 255 

Community of gods and men, 133 

Condensation of matter, 9, 21, 
60 £., 125 

Counter-earth, 136, 148 

Cube, 152 f. 

Cycles of the universe, 179, 216 


Darkness as first principle, 99 

Day and night, 89 

Death, 45, 53, 229 

Decad, 144, 152 

Delphi, oracle at, 27 

Demokritos, 18, 33, 248, 250, 254 

Destruction of things, 10, 13, 14, 
82, 93 f., 119, 124, 165, 222, 245 

Diodoros, 153 

Diogenes Laertios, 63, 64, 120 


297 


Discord, 39 
Divisibility of matter, infinite, 115 
Dyad, 144, 152 


Earth, the, 31, 67f.,83 ; a heavenly 
body, 13; form of, 13, 14, 22, 
106 ; is infinite, 78; once covered 
by the sea, 82; rests on water, 
3, 4; rests on air, 20; is sinking 
into the sea, 83 a 

Earthquakes, 7, 18, 22, 261 

Eclipses, 7, 15, 63, 84, 148 

Ecliptic, 6 

Egyptian wisdom, 154 

Eleatic school, 641f.; unity, 79, 
LOS 05,019 

Elements, 41, 161, 167, 183, 221, 
224; imperishable, 169, 230; 
indivisible, 142 ; motion of, 215 ; 
separation of, 12 

Embryo, 228 

Empedokles, 57, 60, *157 f., 247, 
249; reverenced as a god, 203 

Enquiry, ways of, 89 

Epikouros, 85 

Epiphanius, 108, 119, 129, 154f., 
234 

Equality, geometrical, 133 

Erinyes, 33 

Esoteric class, 154 

Eudemos, 116 

Euripides, 257 

Eurystratos, 17, 19, 21 

Eye, Empedokles on the, 197 


False assumptions of Melissos, 129 

Fate, 39, 62, 97, 163 

Fire, 19, 99, 155, 191; central 
Pythagorean, 136; ever-living, 
29; periodic, 61; transforma- 
tions of, 31 

First principle, 2, 5, 67, 218, 230, 
234, 260; are ten, 138; heat and 
cold as, 104; is eternal, 13; is 
fire, 58; is water, 4, 67 

Flame, sphere of, 14 

Flesh forbidden, 205, 213 

Fossils, 82 

Friendship, 222 


Galen, 81, 83, 119 

Gate of Parmenides, 89 

Generation, 10, 13 f., 20, 82, 93f., 
119, 124, 129 f., 163, 245 , 

Genesis, 165 


x 


God, 83, 39, 47, 65, 79, 147, 151, 
173, 201, 222, 254 

Gods, 2, 3, 7, 21, 41, 58, 201, 233; 
anthropomorphic, 67, 77; are 
born, 16, 171; Homeric treat- 
ment of, 67; goddess of Par- 
menides, 89 

Good and bad, 39, 57 


Habit, 93, 

Hades, 35 

Hail, 20 

Harmony, 35, 37, 39, 1387, 153; of 
the spheres, 135,151 

Heavens, 101, 110, 
revolution of, 11, 216 

Hekataios, 29, 63 

Heliope, 207 

Helios, 87 

Hephaestos, 183, 

Hera, 161, 223 

Herakleides, 148 

Herakleitos, *23 f., 120, 216, 253 

Hermeias, 14, 23, 155, 262 

Hermodoros, 51 

Heroes, 6, 145 

Hesiod, 29, 33 

Hippasos, 58, 60, 63 

Hippolytos, 13, 19, 25, 108, 151, 
233, 260 f. 

Homer, 35, 53, 57, 103, 223 

Homoeomeries, 248 f. 

Homogeneous, Being is, 125, 127 


134, 137; 


Ignorance, 49 
Incredulity, 51 

Infinite, the, 9, 11, 15, 114, 125, 
' 184, 188, 248; double, 139 
Infinites, 117, 237 
Invocation of Empedokles, 159 
Tonic school, 5 


Justice, 39, 51, 89 


Kalliopeia, 201 

Klepsydra compared with breath- 
ing, 195 

Knowledge, 89; of the gods, 69; 
progress of, 69 

Kronos, 209 

Kypris, 188, 185, 209 


Law, 47, 49 
Leukippos, 217, 249 


ENGLISH INDEX 


Lightning, 14, 16, 20, 31, 63, 84, 
226, 256, 261 . 

Lipara, fire at, 78 

Loadstone, 3 

Love and strife, 167, 171, 179, 
215 f., 218, 221, 224, 230 

Luxury, 73 

Lysis, 132, 154 


Many, the, 165 

Matter, 6, 15, 145; eternal, 125; 
divisibility of, 6 

Melissos, 79, 103, 104, 109, 119, 
*120f.; fallacies of, 129 

Men, origin of, 106; from animals, 
14; from fish, 11, 13; mind of, 
101, 107 

Metempsychosis, 71 

Meteor, 235 

Metrodoros, 82, 259 

Milky Way, 101, 110, 148, 255 

Mind as first principle, 239 f., 
246 f. 

Mnesarchos, 29, 132 

Monad, 144 f., 151 f. 

Moon, 7, 13, 14 f., 20, 62, 84, 101, 
110, 148, 175, 177, 226, 246, 255, 
261; phases of, 7; revolution 
of, 12 

Motion, 119, 126 f., 146, 248; 249 ; 
eternal, 14, 21, 62; universal, 
57, 58, 243 

Multiplicity, 114, 128, 217 

Muse, invocation of, 159, 201 

Mysteries, 53 


Necessity, 6, 95, 119, 131, 187, 203 

Nestis, 161, 183, 223 

Nikolaos, 80 

Nile, 256, 260; rise of, 7 

Noise, Zeno on, 116 

Not-being, 11, 103, 108, 124, 243, 
254 

Number, 134 f., 152 


Oenopides, 147 f., 246 

Olympia, 71 

Olympos, 101, 175 

Ombros, 183 

One, the, 114, 119, 131, 139, 145 

One, all are, 57 

Opinion of men, 89, 97, 145; vs. 
truth, 187 

Opposites, 35, 37, 58, 138, 247; 
separation of, 12 


« . 


ENGLISH INDEX 


Order, 29 
Origination, 163 
Orpheus, 133 


Parmenides, 23, 62f., 78, *86f., 
112, 120, 129, 257; fallacies of, 
104; theory of sensation, 107 f., 
110; theory of thought, 107; 
Plato on, 103 

Passion, 49 

Perception by pores, 230; by likes, 
199 


Perikles, 235, 247 

Philip the Opuntian, 148 

Philodemos, 7 

Philolaos, 132, 148 

Pisas, the, 71 

Place, 146; existence of, 
Zeno on, 117 

Plants, 7, 220, 229, 251 

Plato, 2, 57, 78, 103f., 112, 133, 
141, 146, 148 f., 214, 245£., 262 

Plutarch, 5, 11, 14, 21, 82, 108, 119 

Polykrates, 132 

Poseidon, 209 

Praxiades, 13 

Progress, 56 

Protagoras, 116 

Purifications, Empedokles on, 203 

Pythagoras, 23, 29, 56, 132f.; 
science of, 151 

Pythagoreans, 86, 132 f. 


115; 


Rainbow, 21, 69, 149, 256 

Rarefaction, 9, 21, 60 f., 125 

Reason, 47, 62; authority of, 83; 
‘destined,’ 61 ; in the universe, 6 


Sabinos, 81 

Sacrifice, 53, 155, 209 

Samian fleet, 120 

Science, 58, 145; of numbers, 143 

Sea, the, 12, 37, 69, 179, 218, 226, 
259 

Sensation, 85; validity of, 128f., 
131, 159, 226, 256 

Sense-perception, 27, 60, 108, 150, 
161; theory of, 214, 217, 258 f. 

Senses, Empedokles on, 227, 231 

Separation, 217, 237, 239, 245 

Sibyl, 27 

Simplicius, 114f., 124 f. 

Sky, 22 

Sleep, 25, 59, 229, 257 


299 


Solstice, 6, 147 f., 225, 255, 261 

Soul, 2, 3, 7, 21, 41, 43, 57, 59, 63, 
110, 149, 153, 218, 225, 250, 256 ; 
transmigration of, 71, 155, 203 f., 
213 

Space, 117 

Speusippos, 141 

Stars, 6, 7, 13 f., 20, 22, 62, 84,110, 
225, 255, 260; revolution of, 22 

Stoics, the, 63, 145 f., 226, 254 

Stones, 19 

Strife, 35, 37, 39, 60, 167,171, 175, 
179, 215, 218 

Sun, 6, 7, 13 £., 22, 83, 612, 84, 
101, 110, 148, 171, 175, 225, 255, 
260; revolution of, 12; setting 
of, 18, 20 


Temperance, 49 

Tetrad, 144, 152 

Tetraktys, 152 

Thales, *1 f., 33, 81, 145, 147, 253 

Theology of Xenophanes, 65 f., 77 

Theophrastos, 4, 11, 19, 59, 79, 81, 
106, 155, 230 f., 257 f. 

Things eternal, 129 

Thought equals being, 91, 97 

Thunder, 63 

Thunderbolt, 31, 256 

Timaios, 56 

Time and space, 117 

Tomb, the body a, 133, 214 

Tortoise, 116 

Treatise, first philosophical, 8 

Truth, 69, 89 f.; vs. opinion, 106 

Tyche, 183 


Understanding, common to all, 47; 
lacking, 25, 51 

Unity, 78, 129; of being, 103; is 
God, 79 

Universe, the, 60, 62, 146f., 153, 
224, 255, 262; structure of, 109 


Void, 6, 119, 125, 127, 134, 146f., 
216, 248, 251 


Wantonness, 49 

War, 35, 39 

Water, 2, 67 

Weather, control of, 161 

Winds, 13, 19, 20, 63, 261 

Wisdom, 29, 47 

Worlds, 15; infinite in number, 
14, 22 


300 ENGLISH INDEX 


Worship, 209; popular, 55. Zaratas, 153 d 
Zeno, 59, *112 f., 120; arguments 
Xenophanes, 23, 29, *64f., 105; of, 114 f.; on motion, 119 
sayings of, 77; skepticism of, Zeus, 29, 33, 60, 71, 136, 161, 209, 


82f.; theology of, 65 f., 77 223 
Zodiac, 147 f. 
Zalmoxis, 154 Zones, 6, 110, 147, 149 





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